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Besides being cleaner than ",{"text":166,"type":55,"marks":167},"internal combustion engine",[168],{"type":58},{"text":170,"type":55}," (ICE) in terms of emissions, ",{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":172},[173],{"type":58},{"text":175,"type":55}," have a better ",{"text":177,"type":55,"marks":178},"energy conversion efficiency",[179],{"type":58},{"text":181,"type":55},", making them ideal for the electric energy transition. ",{"type":50,"attrs":183,"content":184},{"textAlign":23},[185,187,190,192,195,197,201],{"text":186,"type":55},"We have covered the topic of ",{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":188},[189],{"type":58},{"text":191,"type":55}," at Benchmark Minerals for about 3.5 years. Our products have since expanded to cover vehicle platforms, semiconductors, and more recently, autonomous driving. 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",{"text":262,"type":55,"marks":268},[269],{"type":58},{"text":271,"type":55}," in vehicles are not a new phenomenon; the first ",{"text":273,"type":55,"marks":274},"electric motor",[275],{"type":58},{"text":277,"type":55}," was developed in the early 1800s. In 1828, Hungarian engineer Ányos Jedlik created a small-scale ",{"text":273,"type":55,"marks":279},[280],{"type":58},{"text":282,"type":55},", while in 1834, American inventor Thomas Davenport developed a similar device. However, these early prototypes were not practical for powering vehicles due to limitations in battery technology.",{"type":50,"attrs":284,"content":285},{"textAlign":23},[286,288,291,293,296,298,301,303,307,309,313,315,318,320,323],{"text":287,"type":55},"The history of ",{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":289},[290],{"type":58},{"text":292,"type":55}," is intertwined with the history of ",{"text":84,"type":55,"marks":294},[295],{"type":58},{"text":297,"type":55},". The first practical ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":299},[300],{"type":58},{"text":302,"type":55}," emerged in the late 19th century. In 1837, Robert Davidson, a Scottish inventor, built an ",{"text":304,"type":55,"marks":305},"electric-powered vehicle",[306],{"type":58},{"text":308,"type":55},", and by 1884, Thomas Parker in England designed one of the first commercially available ",{"text":310,"type":55,"marks":311},"electric cars",[312],{"type":58},{"text":314,"type":55},". These early ",{"text":310,"type":55,"marks":316},[317],{"type":58},{"text":319,"type":55}," were quieter, cleaner, and easier to start compared to ICE vehicles, which required hand-cranking. 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However, the oil crises of the 1970s and growing environmental concerns in the late 20th century led to renewed interest in ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":347},[348],{"type":58},{"text":350,"type":55},". The development of new battery technologies, particularly lithium ion batteries in the 1990s, revitalised the ",{"text":273,"type":55,"marks":352},[353],{"type":58},{"text":355,"type":55}," industry, ultimately leading to the modern ",{"text":357,"type":55,"marks":358},"EV",[359],{"type":58},{"text":361,"type":55}," era.",{"type":250,"attrs":363,"content":364},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[365],{"text":366,"type":55},"Revival",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":369,"content":370},{"textAlign":23},[371,373,377,379,382,384,387,389,392],{"text":372,"type":55},"The 21st century has seen a resurgence in ",{"text":374,"type":55,"marks":375},"electric vehicle",[376],{"type":58},{"text":378,"type":55}," technology, driven by concerns over climate change, advancements in battery technology, and the push for more sustainable transportation. ",{"text":262,"type":55,"marks":380},[381],{"type":58},{"text":383,"type":55}," in modern vehicles have become highly efficient, compact, and powerful, enabling ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":385},[386],{"type":58},{"text":388,"type":55}," to compete with traditional ICE vehicles on both range and performance. Major players such as Tesla, Nissan, and General Motors helped propel ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":390},[391],{"type":58},{"text":393,"type":55}," into the mainstream.","base","BlocksContent",{"_uid":397,"content":398,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"cce40913-12a4-4e48-a539-e4715f3a4196",[399],{"gap":121,"_uid":400,"wrap":30,"columns":401,"heading":12,"component":227,"column_sizes":497,"reverse_on_responsive":30},"232f485b-dedf-4655-a84b-099b1089638f",[402,421],{"_uid":403,"content":404,"grey_box":30,"component":215,"vertical_alignment":99},"4c8f05d2-57db-43b9-9cd0-12be12fb68ad",[405],{"_uid":406,"height":12,"images":407,"component":420},"7adf14ab-4d61-4551-a597-b1b5bfe20371",[408,412,416],{"id":409,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":410,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":411},77707162559735,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/b86f822367/hero_newtechnology2.png",{},{"id":413,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":414,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":415},77707019474158,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/c8e6e2934b/hero_batteryandgigafactory.png",{},{"id":417,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":418,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":419},116642388792331,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/700x400/fde0bd11dc/automaker.jpeg",{},"ContentImagesGrid",{"_uid":422,"content":423,"grey_box":30,"component":215,"vertical_alignment":99},"078d454e-7632-44a0-aeeb-fa9111d65b1a",[424,428],{"_uid":425,"link":426,"content":427,"component":130,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"910aebce-414f-449a-9aa7-44e15d4965fd",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What constitutes an EV motor?",{"_uid":429,"text":430,"component":203,"paragraph_size":204},"33f7a875-0b29-4d92-9931-501b0c95abd7",{"type":47,"content":431},[432,443,458,472],{"type":50,"attrs":433,"content":434},{"textAlign":23},[435,437,441],{"text":436,"type":55},"At its core, an ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":439},"EV motor",[440],{"type":58},{"text":442,"type":55}," is made up of 2 to 3 essential parts. The stator, the rotor, and the housing which holds everything together.",{"type":50,"attrs":444,"content":445},{"textAlign":23},[446,450,452,456],{"text":447,"type":55,"marks":448},"Stator:",[449],{"type":58},{"text":451,"type":55}," The stator is the stationary part of the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":454},"motor",[455],{"type":58},{"text":457,"type":55},", consisting of a series of copper wire coils wound around an iron core. When an electric current is introduced into these coils, they generate a magnetic field.",{"type":50,"attrs":459,"content":460},{"textAlign":23},[461,465,467,470],{"text":462,"type":55,"marks":463},"Rotor:",[464],{"type":58},{"text":466,"type":55}," The rotor is the rotating part of the ",{"text":273,"type":55,"marks":468},[469],{"type":58},{"text":471,"type":55},", placed inside or alongside the stator. It is influenced by the magnetic field generated by the stator. This causes it to spin as it tries to align with the stator's magnetic field. A shaft is typically connected to the rotor, transferring the mechanical power generated by the rotor to an external load such as a vehicle's wheel or an axle.",{"type":50,"attrs":473,"content":474},{"textAlign":23},[475,479,481,485,487,490,492,495],{"text":476,"type":55,"marks":477},"Housing:",[478],{"type":58},{"text":480,"type":55}," A ",{"text":482,"type":55,"marks":483},"motor's",[484],{"type":58},{"text":486,"type":55}," external housing or casing protects the internal components (rotor, stator) from environmental factors such as dust, debris, and unwanted moisture. The housing also provides a framework for mounting the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":488},[489],{"type":58},{"text":491,"type":55}," in different applications and cooling channels required for thermal management of the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":493},[494],{"type":58},{"text":496,"type":55},".",{"value":498,"plugin":230},0.30000000000000004,{"_uid":500,"content":501,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"06b86a4a-c9fc-4f23-ba3e-983b6fa41df5",[502],{"_uid":503,"content":504,"component":395},"fa6d26b9-e3a0-4ca8-aa8d-2cf42fc800a5",[505,509],{"_uid":506,"link":507,"content":508,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"a3bdaf31-dc9c-49cb-a9ad-3e4e6cd48e43",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What types of EV motors are there?",{"_uid":510,"text":511,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"878c161c-2054-4f23-9d43-65785d946056",{"type":47,"content":512},[513,546,574,599,609,614,615,675,680,681,732,737,738,778,783,784],{"type":50,"attrs":514,"content":515},{"textAlign":23},[516,518,522,524,527,529,533,535,539,541,545],{"text":517,"type":55},"There are many different ",{"text":519,"type":55,"marks":520},"electric motor types",[521],{"type":58},{"text":523,"type":55},". However, when talking about ",{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":525},[526],{"type":58},{"text":528,"type":55},", generally this refers to alternating current (AC) ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":531},"motors",[532],{"type":58},{"text":534,"type":55},". These can broadly be divided into two – ",{"text":536,"type":55,"marks":537},"synchronous",[538],{"type":58},{"text":540,"type":55}," and ",{"text":542,"type":55,"marks":543},"asynchronous (induction) motors",[544],{"type":58},{"text":496,"type":55},{"type":50,"attrs":547,"content":548},{"textAlign":23},[549,553,554,558,560,563,565,568,570,573],{"text":550,"type":55,"marks":551},"Synchronous motors:",[552],{"type":58},{"text":480,"type":55},{"text":555,"type":55,"marks":556},"synchronous motor",[557],{"type":58},{"text":559,"type":55}," is a type of AC ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":561},[562],{"type":58},{"text":564,"type":55}," that operates at a constant speed which is synchronised and directly proportional to the frequency of the AC power supply. The rotor of a ",{"text":555,"type":55,"marks":566},[567],{"type":58},{"text":569,"type":55}," turns at the same speed as the rotating magnetic speed generated by the stator, therefore its speed is independent of the load on the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":571},[572],{"type":58},{"text":496,"type":55},{"type":50,"attrs":575,"content":576},{"textAlign":23},[577,581,583,587,589,593,594,597],{"text":578,"type":55,"marks":579},"Asynchronous motors:",[580],{"type":58},{"text":582,"type":55}," An ",{"text":584,"type":55,"marks":585},"asynchronous motor",[586],{"type":58},{"text":588,"type":55},", also known as an ",{"text":590,"type":55,"marks":591},"induction motor",[592],{"type":58},{"text":559,"type":55},{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":595},[596],{"type":58},{"text":598,"type":55}," in which the rotor does not rotate at the same exact speed as the stator's magnetic field. It instead operates at a lower speed, creating a relative motion, colloquially called a 'slip' between the stator's rotating magnetic field and the rotor. With increased load, the slip also increases.",{"type":50,"attrs":600,"content":601},{"textAlign":23},[602,604,607],{"text":603,"type":55},"At Benchmark, we focus on four ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":605},[606],{"type":58},{"text":608,"type":55}," types:",{"type":250,"attrs":610,"content":611},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[612],{"text":613,"type":55},"Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM)",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":616,"content":617},{"textAlign":23},[618,622,624,628,630,634,636,640,642,646,648,651,653,657,659,662,664,667,669,673],{"text":619,"type":55,"marks":620},"Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors",[621],{"type":58},{"text":623,"type":55}," or ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":626},"PMSMs",[627],{"type":58},{"text":629,"type":55}," are a type of ",{"text":631,"type":55,"marks":632},"synchronous motors",[633],{"type":58},{"text":635,"type":55}," where the rotor is embedded or surface-mounted with ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":638},"permanent magnets",[639],{"type":58},{"text":641,"type":55}," (typically made from alloys of ",{"text":643,"type":55,"marks":644},"rare earth elements",[645],{"type":58},{"text":647,"type":55}," neodymium or samarium). ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":649},[650],{"type":58},{"text":652,"type":55}," are particularly advantageous due to their high ",{"text":654,"type":55,"marks":655},"motor efficiency",[656],{"type":58},{"text":658,"type":55},", especially at higher loads, and high power density. ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":660},[661],{"type":58},{"text":663,"type":55}," are currently the most popular choice among automakers, steadily enjoying a market share in the 80% – 85% range. ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":665},[666],{"type":58},{"text":668,"type":55}," are also sometimes simply referred to as ",{"text":670,"type":55,"marks":671},"permanent synchronous motors",[672],{"type":58},{"text":674,"type":55},", PSMs.",{"type":250,"attrs":676,"content":677},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[678],{"text":679,"type":55},"Asynchronous/Induction Motors",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":682,"content":683},{"textAlign":23},[684,686,689,691,694,696,699,701,704,706,710,712,715,717,720,722,725,727,730],{"text":685,"type":55},"An ",{"text":590,"type":55,"marks":687},[688],{"type":58},{"text":690,"type":55}," also known as an ",{"text":584,"type":55,"marks":692},[693],{"type":58},{"text":695,"type":55}," is a ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":697},[698],{"type":58},{"text":700,"type":55}," that works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where an AC current in the stator produces a magnetic field, which induces a current in the rotor, causing it to rotate. Unlike ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":702},[703],{"type":58},{"text":705,"type":55},", ",{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":708},"induction motors",[709],{"type":58},{"text":711,"type":55}," do not require an external source of excitation such as a magnet, making them simple and reliable. Tesla was one of the most prominent automakers which used ",{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":713},[714],{"type":58},{"text":716,"type":55}," due to their robustness and efficiency at high speeds. However, in more recent years, Tesla has incorporated ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":718},[719],{"type":58},{"text":721,"type":55},", especially in its multi-",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":723},[724],{"type":58},{"text":726,"type":55}," configurations, choosing to create an efficient blend of the advantages offered by both ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":728},[729],{"type":58},{"text":731,"type":55}," types.",{"type":250,"attrs":733,"content":734},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[735],{"text":736,"type":55},"Externally Excited Synchronous Motors (EESM)",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":739,"content":740},{"textAlign":23},[741,745,747,750,752,755,757,760,762,765,767,770,772,776],{"text":742,"type":55,"marks":743},"Externally Excited Synchronous Motors",[744],{"type":58},{"text":746,"type":55}," or EESMs are a type of ",{"text":555,"type":55,"marks":748},[749],{"type":58},{"text":751,"type":55}," where the rotor's magnetic field is generated by an external DC power source, as opposed to ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":753},[754],{"type":58},{"text":756,"type":55}," as is the case with ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":758},[759],{"type":58},{"text":761,"type":55},", or electromagnetic induction as is the case with ",{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":763},[764],{"type":58},{"text":766,"type":55},". Like other AC ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":768},[769],{"type":58},{"text":771,"type":55},", the stator of an EESM is still connected to an AC power source. EESMs are used predominantly in applications focused on ",{"text":773,"type":55,"marks":774},"rare-earth-free",[775],{"type":58},{"text":777,"type":55}," designs. Prominent automakers which use EEMs include BMW, Renault, and Mercedes-Benz.",{"type":250,"attrs":779,"content":780},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[781],{"text":782,"type":55},"Axial Flux Motors",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":785,"content":786},{"textAlign":23},[787,791,792,796,798,801,803,806,808,811,813,816,818,821,823,826,828,831,833,836,838,848,850,853],{"text":788,"type":55,"marks":789},"Axial flux motors",[790],{"type":58},{"text":629,"type":55},{"text":793,"type":55,"marks":794},"PMSM",[795],{"type":58},{"text":797,"type":55}," that are relatively early in the innovative stage. They differ from other ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":799},[800],{"type":58},{"text":802,"type":55}," in that their magnetic field flows axially, parallel to the rotor axis (hence the name), while other ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":804},[805],{"type":58},{"text":807,"type":55}," are radial flux, meaning their magnetic fields flow radially outward from the centre of the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":809},[810],{"type":58},{"text":812,"type":55},". ",{"text":788,"type":55,"marks":814},[815],{"type":58},{"text":817,"type":55}," are extremely compact and lightweight, making them highly power-dense, higher than a radial flux ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":819},[820],{"type":58},{"text":822,"type":55}," of comparable size. ",{"text":788,"type":55,"marks":824},[825],{"type":58},{"text":827,"type":55}," are currently mostly used by high-end performance vehicle brands such as Ferrari and Koenigsegg, and brands which use in-wheel/hub ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":829},[830],{"type":58},{"text":832,"type":55}," like Yangwang (in the U8). Prominent manufacturers of this ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":834},[835],{"type":58},{"text":837,"type":55}," type include YASA Motors (now owned by Mercedes-Benz), Protean Electric, and Magnax. YASA produced its ",{"text":839,"type":55,"marks":840},"50,000th axial flux motor in 2025",[841,845,846],{"type":842,"attrs":843},"link",{"href":844,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://www.electrive.com/2025/11/28/yasa-builds-50000th-axial-flux-motor/",{"type":58},{"type":847},"underline",{"text":849,"type":55},", powering supercars including the Ferrari SF90 Stradale, Lamborghini Revuelto and Temerario, and next-generation Mercedes-AMG ",{"text":310,"type":55,"marks":851},[852],{"type":58},{"text":496,"type":55},{"_uid":855,"content":856,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"0f197276-2e72-4843-bd80-5f5c3d48508a",[857],{"gap":121,"_uid":858,"wrap":30,"columns":859,"heading":12,"component":227,"column_sizes":1020,"reverse_on_responsive":15},"c08b756f-dec1-4256-a670-ff76f3ad2f0b",[860,1011],{"_uid":861,"content":862,"component":215,"vertical_alignment":99},"6a84bdad-c09d-49b2-ac18-045f89b22d00",[863,867,1004],{"_uid":864,"link":865,"content":866,"alignment":12,"component":130,"left_border":15,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":131},"6e73442a-c58b-4a46-98ae-9daf1b7b2ba1",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"Challenges to PMSMs",{"_uid":868,"text":869,"component":203,"paragraph_size":204},"4a3635c0-9a28-4e30-8fc3-7c1b02e7566c",{"type":47,"content":870},[871,896,901,902,922,927,928,979,984,985],{"type":50,"attrs":872,"content":873},{"textAlign":23},[874,876,879,881,884,886,889,891,894],{"text":875,"type":55},"As already established, ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":877},[878],{"type":58},{"text":880,"type":55}," currently dominate the ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":882},[883],{"type":58},{"text":885,"type":55}," market and are projected to do so for the foreseeable near to medium future. But despite their advantages, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":887},[888],{"type":58},{"text":890,"type":55}," which the ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":892},[893],{"type":58},{"text":895,"type":55}," industry is looking to solve.",{"type":250,"attrs":897,"content":898},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[899],{"text":900,"type":55},"Cost",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":903,"content":904},{"textAlign":23},[905,909,911,915,917,920],{"text":906,"type":55,"marks":907},"Permanent magnets",[908],{"type":58},{"text":910,"type":55},", particularly ",{"text":912,"type":55,"marks":913},"rare-earth magnets",[914],{"type":58},{"text":916,"type":55},", are the main cost drivers for ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":918},[919],{"type":58},{"text":921,"type":55},". These magnets are not only materially costly, but also require a complex process to align the magnets within the rotor during assembly, further driving up the cost.",{"type":250,"attrs":923,"content":924},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[925],{"text":926,"type":55},"Supply chain security",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":929,"content":930},{"textAlign":23},[931,933,937,939,942,944,952,954,962,964,972,974,978],{"text":932,"type":55},"Mining of ",{"text":934,"type":55,"marks":935},"rare-earth elements",[936],{"type":58},{"text":938,"type":55}," and production of ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":940},[941],{"type":58},{"text":943,"type":55}," is concentrated in a handful of countries. ",{"text":945,"type":55,"marks":946},"China dominates rare earth permanent magnet supply with 89% of global production capacity",[947,950,951],{"type":842,"attrs":948},{"href":949,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/in-conversation-with-neo-performance-materials-ceo-and-president-rahim-suleman",{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":953,"type":55}," as of 2025. This constitutes a significant supply chain risk for non-producers as they could find themselves on the wrong end of a geopolitical spat or trade war. ",{"text":955,"type":55,"marks":956},"In 2025, China announced sweeping export controls on rare earth elements that cover not only domestic supply but any products containing magnets",[957,960,961],{"type":842,"attrs":958},{"href":959,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/china-tightens-rare-earths-export-controls-ahead-of-us-trade-talks",{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":963,"type":55},". In addition, prices for these commodities are often dictated by a few countries, subjecting consumers to price volatility. ",{"text":965,"type":55,"marks":966},"Benchmark's Rare Earth Price Assessment",[967,970,971],{"type":842,"attrs":968},{"href":969,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/benchmark-launches-rare-earths-price-assessment",{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":973,"type":55}," tracks critical materials like praseodymium-neodymium (PrNd) oxide used in ",{"text":975,"type":55,"marks":976},"EV motor magnets",[977],{"type":58},{"text":496,"type":55},{"type":250,"attrs":980,"content":981},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[982],{"text":983,"type":55},"Environmental challenges",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":986,"content":987},{"textAlign":23},[988,992,994,997,999,1002],{"text":989,"type":55,"marks":990},"Rare-earth elements",[991],{"type":58},{"text":993,"type":55}," are often found in ores which sometimes contain radioactive elements such as thorium and uranium. As a result, the mining of ",{"text":934,"type":55,"marks":995},[996],{"type":58},{"text":998,"type":55}," poses significant environmental risks, thereby provoking the need for tough environmental regulations and mining restrictions. Naturally occurring ",{"text":934,"type":55,"marks":1000},[1001],{"type":58},{"text":1003,"type":55},", however, are not radioactive.",{"_uid":1005,"buttons":1006,"component":214},"ee7b51b8-2548-4975-9fa9-80149997348c",[1007],{"_uid":1008,"link":1009,"size":41,"label":1010,"theme":43,"component":44},"ced34880-25e0-4afd-b701-ca05389d45a0",{"id":211,"url":12,"target":38,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":212},"Learn more About Our EV & Battery Service",{"_uid":1012,"content":1013,"component":215,"vertical_alignment":99},"b9cf0835-f6cc-4d0f-9570-54052dd1c8df",[1014],{"_uid":1015,"image":1016,"height":225,"component":226,"fit_image":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"f18452c7-397f-4e12-820a-0295d8f6e720",{"id":1017,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1018,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1019,"is_external_url":30},77707019453677,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/527bc57598/hero_batteryandgigafactory4.png",{},{"value":229,"plugin":230},{"_uid":1022,"content":1023,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"45fc27a0-c85c-40ed-947a-2c5fc86f3f15",[1024],{"_uid":1025,"content":1026,"component":395},"9dd07658-8625-4017-a36b-d278b5ca3638",[1027,1031],{"_uid":1028,"link":1029,"content":1030,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"54bde4df-104c-4d89-825b-ebe768cd6922",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What alternatives are there to PMSMs?",{"_uid":1032,"text":1033,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"205ddcc0-1c33-4224-987c-131c0ca5119d",{"type":47,"content":1034},[1035,1050,1055,1056,1080,1085,1086,1106],{"type":50,"attrs":1036,"content":1037},{"textAlign":23},[1038,1040,1043,1045,1048],{"text":1039,"type":55},"While ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":1041},[1042],{"type":58},{"text":1044,"type":55}," have continued to dominate the market, the magnet and production cost problems associated with ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":1046},[1047],{"type":58},{"text":1049,"type":55}," have prompted an industry search for alternatives. Several options are currently being explored.",{"type":250,"attrs":1051,"content":1052},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1053],{"text":1054,"type":55},"Magnet-free motors",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1057,"content":1058},{"textAlign":23},[1059,1063,1065,1068,1070,1073,1075,1078],{"text":1060,"type":55,"marks":1061},"Induction motors",[1062],{"type":58},{"text":1064,"type":55},", EESMs, and reluctance ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":1066},[1067],{"type":58},{"text":1069,"type":55}," are all magnet-free ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":1071},[1072],{"type":58},{"text":1074,"type":55},". However, they have struggled to upset the market lead of ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":1076},[1077],{"type":58},{"text":1079,"type":55}," which are often more efficient and power dense.",{"type":250,"attrs":1081,"content":1082},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1083],{"text":1084,"type":55},"Alt-magnet motors",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1087,"content":1088},{"textAlign":23},[1089,1091,1094,1096,1099,1101,1104],{"text":1090,"type":55},"Another option that is being explored is the use of other magnet types or alternative materials to ",{"text":912,"type":55,"marks":1092},[1093],{"type":58},{"text":1095,"type":55},". One such example is ferrite magnets, which are much cheaper to produce than ",{"text":912,"type":55,"marks":1097},[1098],{"type":58},{"text":1100,"type":55},". However, ferrite magnets are not as powerful as ",{"text":912,"type":55,"marks":1102},[1103],{"type":58},{"text":1105,"type":55}," and often cannot work in the same operating temperatures.",{"type":50,"attrs":1107,"content":1108},{"textAlign":23},[1109,1111,1114,1116,1124,1126,1133],{"text":1110,"type":55},"Hence, barring a technological or material breakthrough, ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":1112},[1113],{"type":58},{"text":1115,"type":55}," will continue to lead the market for the next few decades. ",{"text":1117,"type":55,"marks":1118},"Rare earth magnets are unlikely to be substituted any time soon",[1119,1122,1123],{"type":842,"attrs":1120},{"href":1121,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/rare-earth-magnets-unlikely-to-be-substituted-any-time-soon",{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":1125,"type":55},", according to Benchmark analysis. ",{"text":1127,"type":55,"marks":1128},"In 2025, demand for rare earths in EV motors is expected to increase by 16% year-over-year to 43 kt",[1129,1131,1132],{"type":842,"attrs":1130},{"href":949,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":496,"type":55},{"_uid":1135,"content":1136,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"8608033a-be40-466f-976c-9c7bd4c5c132",[1137],{"gap":1138,"_uid":1139,"columns":1140,"heading":12,"component":227,"column_sizes":1251,"reverse_on_responsive":30},"medium","904481e4-dda3-4fc4-8ccb-060b80a611f6",[1141,1157],{"_uid":1142,"content":1143,"component":215,"vertical_alignment":99},"ff509929-9b4c-4794-85bc-8fe66c756ea3",[1144,1151],{"_uid":1145,"image":1146,"height":1150,"component":226,"fit_image":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"23445204-44c9-44f0-860d-22491f9e7ede",{"id":1147,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1148,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1149,"is_external_url":30},77707914143009,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/6f5786c06b/hero_siliconanode5.png",{},"339",{"_uid":1152,"image":1153,"height":1150,"component":226,"fit_image":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"cd81fe71-6476-48d6-a839-390db02bd905",{"id":1154,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1155,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1156,"is_external_url":30},77708042151207,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/4ac6b4e83a/hero_cathode3.png",{},{"_uid":1158,"content":1159,"component":215,"vertical_alignment":99},"5975a042-b8a3-4205-bbab-021e871d9471",[1160,1164],{"_uid":1161,"link":1162,"content":1163,"alignment":12,"component":130,"heading_tag":12,"left_border":15,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"e463f563-a192-4b20-b8e4-760817a350e8",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":24,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What types of vehicle platforms are used in EVs?",{"_uid":1165,"text":1166,"component":203,"paragraph_size":204},"13db8690-f817-475d-bd60-b547a8c1990c",{"type":47,"content":1167},[1168,1186,1197,1202,1203,1219,1224,1225,1235,1240,1241],{"type":50,"attrs":1169,"content":1170},{"textAlign":23},[1171,1174,1176,1179,1181,1184],{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":1172},[1173],{"type":58},{"text":1175,"type":55}," do not exist in isolation. They are often part of what is known as a vehicle platform. A vehicle platform refers to a set of components, architecture and design elements which form the foundation for (often) multiple vehicle models. For ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":1177},[1178],{"type":58},{"text":1180,"type":55},", a vehicle platform consists of a chassis or frame, battery pack, thermal management system, ",{"text":142,"type":55,"marks":1182},[1183],{"type":58},{"text":1185,"type":55},", power electronics and inverters, suspension and drivetrain layout, and an electrical and software architecture.",{"type":50,"attrs":1187,"content":1188},{"textAlign":23},[1189,1191,1195],{"text":1190,"type":55},"Currently, ",{"text":1192,"type":55,"marks":1193},"EV platforms",[1194],{"type":58},{"text":1196,"type":55}," come in three main categories.",{"type":250,"attrs":1198,"content":1199},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1200],{"text":1201,"type":55},"Skateboard platforms",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1204,"content":1205},{"textAlign":23},[1206,1208,1212,1214,1217],{"text":1207,"type":55},"These are the most common ",{"text":1209,"type":55,"marks":1210},"EV platform",[1211],{"type":58},{"text":1213,"type":55}," design types, consisting of a battery pack housed in the vehicle floor, with ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":1215},[1216],{"type":58},{"text":1218,"type":55}," on the axles. This design type maximises interior space and lowers the vehicle centre of gravity, thereby increasing vehicle stability and handling. This platform type is popularly used by Tesla.",{"type":250,"attrs":1220,"content":1221},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1222],{"text":1223,"type":55},"Modular platforms",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1226,"content":1227},{"textAlign":23},[1228,1230,1233],{"text":1229,"type":55},"An increasingly popular phenomenon, modular platforms are designed to be flexible across multiple vehicle sizes and types. These platforms allow for different battery sizes, ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":1231},[1232],{"type":58},{"text":1234,"type":55}," configurations, and wheelbases, enabling manufacturers to build sedans, SUVs, and sometimes even vans on the same platform architecture. A popular example of this is Volkswagen's MEB platform which underpins most of the vehicles in the VW Group. Other automakers such as Ford and VW's partner ventures with SAIC and FAW in China also use the MEB platform.",{"type":250,"attrs":1236,"content":1237},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1238],{"text":1239,"type":55},"Custom",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1242,"content":1243},{"textAlign":23},[1244,1246,1249],{"text":1245,"type":55},"High-performance, particularly, luxury ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":1247},[1248],{"type":58},{"text":1250,"type":55}," often use custom platforms which are designed for optimal weight distribution, high speeds, and superior handling.",{"value":1252,"plugin":230},0.5,{"_uid":1254,"content":1255,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"dff70069-974a-4290-b023-c7bc4504092f",[1256],{"_uid":1257,"content":1258,"component":395},"da848889-d4aa-45b9-9ffd-a452593cfb1a",[1259,1263],{"_uid":1260,"link":1261,"content":1262,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"f8389583-7af9-4c1b-afde-85d49b5e75b8",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"400V vs 800V platforms",{"_uid":1264,"text":1265,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"be71227b-4866-442d-987c-a66f29b3d54c",{"type":47,"content":1266},[1267],{"type":50,"attrs":1268,"content":1269},{"textAlign":23},[1270,1272,1275,1277,1280],{"text":1271,"type":55},"Platforms can also be broadly categorised into either 400V or 800V but these values are not actually fixed, they are a range. A vehicle with an operating voltage within a range of 300 – 500V will fall under the 400V platform category, while a vehicle with an operating voltage between 600 – 900V will fall under the 800V platform category. Currently, most ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":1273},[1274],{"type":58},{"text":1276,"type":55}," come in 400V platforms but there is increasing interest in 800V platforms as they allow for improved power output and ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":1278},[1279],{"type":58},{"text":1281,"type":55}," performance.",{"_uid":1283,"content":1284,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"61040da3-5f0a-4d85-8475-a45663c30531",[1285],{"_uid":1286,"content":1287,"component":395},"ff0fb728-af04-4264-ac8a-f772babe81bb",[1288,1292],{"_uid":1289,"link":1290,"content":1291,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"ec511754-4ff9-483b-b850-9b63dad476f5",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"Silicon carbide vs silicon inverters",{"_uid":1293,"text":1294,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"628fb6e4-ab1e-44b0-b7f0-e93223fe8e7b",{"type":47,"content":1295},[1296,1316,1351,1389],{"type":50,"attrs":1297,"content":1298},{"textAlign":23},[1299,1300,1304,1306,1309,1311,1314],{"text":685,"type":55},{"text":1301,"type":55,"marks":1302},"electric motor's",[1303],{"type":58},{"text":1305,"type":55}," inverter is crucial to how the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":1307},[1308],{"type":58},{"text":1310,"type":55}," functions. The primary function of the inverter is to convert direct current from the vehicle's battery into alternating current which is required to power the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":1312},[1313],{"type":58},{"text":1315,"type":55},". Other functions of the inverter include:",{"type":1317,"content":1318},"bullet_list",[1319,1332,1339],{"type":1320,"content":1321},"list_item",[1322],{"type":50,"attrs":1323,"content":1324},{"textAlign":23},[1325,1327,1330],{"text":1326,"type":55},"Regulating ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":1328},[1329],{"type":58},{"text":1331,"type":55}," speed and torque;",{"type":1320,"content":1333},[1334],{"type":50,"attrs":1335,"content":1336},{"textAlign":23},[1337],{"text":1338,"type":55},"Reversing the direction of current flow for regenerative braking;",{"type":1320,"content":1340},[1341],{"type":50,"attrs":1342,"content":1343},{"textAlign":23},[1344,1346,1349],{"text":1345,"type":55},"Protecting the ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":1347},[1348],{"type":58},{"text":1350,"type":55}," and battery from overheating, and overcurrent.",{"type":50,"attrs":1352,"content":1353},{"textAlign":23},[1354,1356,1360,1362,1366,1368,1371,1373,1377,1379,1382,1384,1387],{"text":1355,"type":55},"Due to rising interest in 800V platforms, ",{"text":1357,"type":55,"marks":1358},"silicon carbide (SiC) inverters",[1359],{"type":58},{"text":1361,"type":55}," are becoming more mainstream as they can withstand the higher platform voltage. In addition, ",{"text":1363,"type":55,"marks":1364},"SiC inverters",[1365],{"type":58},{"text":1367,"type":55}," have a better thermal tolerance and increased ",{"text":654,"type":55,"marks":1369},[1370],{"type":58},{"text":1372,"type":55}," due to their higher switching speed. While SiC use in ",{"text":1374,"type":55,"marks":1375},"traction motors",[1376],{"type":58},{"text":1378,"type":55}," is expected to increase in the future, this will likely be stymied by the limited adoption of 800V platforms. However, ",{"text":1363,"type":55,"marks":1380},[1381],{"type":58},{"text":1383,"type":55}," are not restricted to 800V platforms. Tesla is a noteworthy example of an OEM that uses ",{"text":1363,"type":55,"marks":1385},[1386],{"type":58},{"text":1388,"type":55}," in its 400V platform vehicles.",{"type":257},{"_uid":1391,"content":1392,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"db883347-1e13-4ca4-ae9f-e631b0ef8e5c",[1393],{"_uid":1394,"content":1395,"component":395},"4c122789-d2e7-4a9f-b65b-282f41bb86a4",[1396,1400],{"_uid":1397,"link":1398,"content":1399,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"8119b56b-a807-4a95-9f80-5998f107ccdd",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What role do semiconductors play in EVs?",{"_uid":1401,"text":1402,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"01bf4b8c-c98b-41d9-b948-7213c4187f86",{"type":47,"content":1403},[1404,1414,1436],{"type":50,"attrs":1405,"content":1406},{"textAlign":23},[1407,1409,1412],{"text":1408,"type":55},"Semiconductors form the backbone of modern electronics, powering everything from smartphones and computers to ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":1410},[1411],{"type":58},{"text":1413,"type":55}," and advanced industrial systems.",{"type":50,"attrs":1415,"content":1416},{"textAlign":23},[1417,1419,1422,1424,1428,1430,1434],{"text":1418,"type":55},"As the demand for intelligent ",{"text":198,"type":55,"marks":1420},[1421],{"type":58},{"text":1423,"type":55}," continues to rise, the role of ",{"text":1425,"type":55,"marks":1426},"semiconductors",[1427],{"type":58},{"text":1429,"type":55}," in automotive applications has grown exponentially. The integration and volume of ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1432},"semiconductor",[1433],{"type":58},{"text":1435,"type":55}," components directly determine a vehicle's level of intelligence and functionality.",{"type":50,"attrs":1437,"content":1438},{"textAlign":23},[1439,1443,1445,1448],{"text":1440,"type":55,"marks":1441},"Semiconductors",[1442],{"type":58},{"text":1444,"type":55}," not only are fundamental to essential systems like microcontroller units (MCUs) that manage vehicle operations but also play a pivotal role in advanced features such as autonomous driving sensors and smart cockpits. Enhancements to the driving experience, such as voice control, human-machine interaction, and augmented reality displays, are increasingly reliant on cutting-edge ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1446},[1447],{"type":58},{"text":1449,"type":55}," technology.",{"_uid":1451,"content":1452,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"24e0c451-d073-4aef-bf4f-6267d8328c10",[1453],{"_uid":1454,"content":1455,"component":395},"bf4bf625-6624-431c-b7b6-8d39af10f681",[1456,1460],{"_uid":1457,"link":1458,"content":1459,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"5b90dd73-bd26-444f-bd7d-7d1503b9619a",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"Major players in the automotive semiconductor supply chain",{"_uid":1461,"text":1462,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"ac5fc518-ec5c-4b28-a495-84bf48533566",{"type":47,"content":1463},[1464,1480,1490,1495,1496,1506,1513,1528,1535,1550,1555,1556,1565,1572,1582,1589,1594,1601,1611,1618],{"type":50,"attrs":1465,"content":1466},{"textAlign":23},[1467,1469,1473,1475,1478],{"text":1468,"type":55},"To better understand the ",{"text":1470,"type":55,"marks":1471},"automotive semiconductor",[1472],{"type":58},{"text":1474,"type":55}," industry and its challenges, it's important to first explore the basics of ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1476},[1477],{"type":58},{"text":1479,"type":55}," production. This foundational knowledge will help readers grasp the complexities of the industry and the challenges it faces.",{"type":50,"attrs":1481,"content":1482},{"textAlign":23},[1483,1485,1488],{"text":1484,"type":55},"The ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1486},[1487],{"type":58},{"text":1489,"type":55}," industry consists of a well-defined value chain, divided into upstream and downstream segments, each with specialised roles and dominant players.",{"type":250,"attrs":1491,"content":1492},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1493],{"text":1494,"type":55},"Upstream: Equipment and Raw Materials",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1497,"content":1498},{"textAlign":23},[1499,1501,1504],{"text":1500,"type":55},"The upstream segment of the ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1502},[1503],{"type":58},{"text":1505,"type":55}," industry encompasses the production of equipment and raw materials essential for chip manufacturing.",{"type":50,"attrs":1507,"content":1508},{"textAlign":23},[1509],{"text":1510,"type":55,"marks":1511},"Equipment",[1512],{"type":58},{"type":50,"attrs":1514,"content":1515},{"textAlign":23},[1516,1518,1521,1523,1526],{"text":1517,"type":55},"Manufacturing advanced ",{"text":1425,"type":55,"marks":1519},[1520],{"type":58},{"text":1522,"type":55}," requires highly sophisticated tools, among which photolithography machines are the most critical. These machines are dominated by companies in Japan and Europe, with ASML, a Dutch company, standing out as the industry leader. ASML's extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines are pivotal for the production of the smallest and most advanced ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1524},[1525],{"type":58},{"text":1527,"type":55}," nodes, setting technological benchmarks for the industry.",{"type":50,"attrs":1529,"content":1530},{"textAlign":23},[1531],{"text":1532,"type":55,"marks":1533},"Raw Materials",[1534],{"type":58},{"type":50,"attrs":1536,"content":1537},{"textAlign":23},[1538,1540,1543,1545,1548],{"text":1539,"type":55},"The production of ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1541},[1542],{"type":58},{"text":1544,"type":55}," wafers relies on ultrapure silicon, which is primarily supplied by Japanese companies. The stringent purity requirements for silicon wafers act as a significant barrier to entry, restricting competition and solidifying the dominance of a few key suppliers. These materials are critical to ensuring the functionality and reliability of ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1546},[1547],{"type":58},{"text":1549,"type":55}," chips.",{"type":250,"attrs":1551,"content":1552},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1553],{"text":1554,"type":55},"Downstream: Design, Manufacturing, and Assembly",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1557,"content":1558},{"textAlign":23},[1559,1560,1563],{"text":1484,"type":55},{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1561},[1562],{"type":58},{"text":1564,"type":55}," chips are designed, manufactured, and packaged in the downstream sector for various applications.",{"type":50,"attrs":1566,"content":1567},{"textAlign":23},[1568],{"text":1569,"type":55,"marks":1570},"IC Design",[1571],{"type":58},{"type":50,"attrs":1573,"content":1574},{"textAlign":23},[1575,1577,1580],{"text":1576,"type":55},"Integrated circuit (IC) design firms conceptualise and create the blueprints for ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1578},[1579],{"type":58},{"text":1581,"type":55}," chips. Companies like Qualcomm, NVIDIA, and MediaTek excel in designing chips tailored for specific functions, such as computing, connectivity, or artificial intelligence.",{"type":50,"attrs":1583,"content":1584},{"textAlign":23},[1585],{"text":1586,"type":55,"marks":1587},"Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDMs)",[1588],{"type":58},{"type":50,"attrs":1590,"content":1591},{"textAlign":23},[1592],{"text":1593,"type":55},"Some companies, such as Intel and Samsung, operate as IDMs, combining IC design and manufacturing processes under one roof. This vertical integration allows them to control the entire production process, from design to fabrication.",{"type":50,"attrs":1595,"content":1596},{"textAlign":23},[1597],{"text":1598,"type":55,"marks":1599},"Foundries",[1600],{"type":58},{"type":50,"attrs":1602,"content":1603},{"textAlign":23},[1604,1606,1609],{"text":1605,"type":55},"Pure-play foundries focus exclusively on ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1607},[1608],{"type":58},{"text":1610,"type":55}," fabrication, producing chips designed by IC design firms. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) is the global leader in this space, particularly in advanced process nodes. TSMC's announcement of 2nm node production by 2025 exemplifies its technological leadership, as these small nodes enable higher performance and energy efficiency in chips.",{"type":50,"attrs":1612,"content":1613},{"textAlign":23},[1614],{"text":1615,"type":55,"marks":1616},"Assembly, Testing, and Packaging",[1617],{"type":58},{"type":50,"attrs":1619,"content":1620},{"textAlign":23},[1621,1623,1626,1628,1631],{"text":1622,"type":55},"After manufacturing, ",{"text":1425,"type":55,"marks":1624},[1625],{"type":58},{"text":1627,"type":55}," undergo assembly, testing, and packaging to ensure quality and functionality. These processes are labour-intensive and often outsourced to regions with lower labour costs, such as Southeast Asia. The ATP phase is crucial for preparing ",{"text":1425,"type":55,"marks":1629},[1630],{"type":58},{"text":1632,"type":55}," for integration into end products like vehicles or consumer electronics.",{"_uid":1634,"content":1635,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"b6b9d983-d83d-4d85-91ea-556a48e59a38",[1636],{"_uid":1637,"content":1638,"component":395},"d2453d2a-3a28-4743-bd6d-e6aa1d20f933",[1639,1643],{"_uid":1640,"link":1641,"content":1642,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"d03689ec-23e7-4d3c-b6a3-680070d77fcb",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What are the key challenges facing the automotive semiconductor industry?",{"_uid":1644,"text":1645,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"dd789af1-9522-48e1-adf9-f64ed4dc904a",{"type":47,"content":1646},[1647,1656,1661,1662,1677,1682,1683,1688,1728,1733,1734,1743,1767,1772,1773,1782,1798,1803],{"type":50,"attrs":1648,"content":1649},{"textAlign":23},[1650,1651,1654],{"text":1484,"type":55},{"text":1470,"type":55,"marks":1652},[1653],{"type":58},{"text":1655,"type":55}," sector is experiencing significant challenges, many of which stem from the complexities of transitioning from consumer electronics to automotive applications. These challenges highlight issues in profitability, supply chain reliability, and industry dynamics.",{"type":250,"attrs":1657,"content":1658},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1659],{"text":1660,"type":55},"1. Transition challenges: lower margins and longer timelines",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1663,"content":1664},{"textAlign":23},[1665,1667,1670,1672,1675],{"text":1666,"type":55},"Unlike the high-margin consumer electronics market, the automotive value chain is characterised by lower profit margins and stringent safety standards. Developing ",{"text":1425,"type":55,"marks":1668},[1669],{"type":58},{"text":1671,"type":55}," for vehicles often requires extensive simulation and testing, which elongates development timelines. The slower return on investment and increased costs deter some ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1673},[1674],{"type":58},{"text":1676,"type":55}," manufacturers from prioritizing automotive applications, further complicating supply chain reliability.",{"type":250,"attrs":1678,"content":1679},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1680],{"text":1681,"type":55},"2. Struggles of small and medium enterprises (SMEs)",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1684,"content":1685},{"textAlign":23},[1686],{"text":1687,"type":55},"Unlike larger corporations such as TSMC, Intel, or Qualcomm, smaller enterprises prioritise survival over long-term strategic planning. Their focus on cost reduction leaves little room for investment in breakthrough technologies or future-ready solutions. This dynamic creates a disparity in the industry's growth trajectory, with big players advancing rapidly while smaller firms lag. To be more specific, they face several issues such as:",{"type":1317,"content":1689},[1690,1706,1717],{"type":1320,"content":1691},[1692],{"type":50,"attrs":1693,"content":1694},{"textAlign":23},[1695,1699,1701,1704],{"text":1696,"type":55,"marks":1697},"Testing and validation costs:",[1698],{"type":58},{"text":1700,"type":55}," Ensuring ",{"text":1425,"type":55,"marks":1702},[1703],{"type":58},{"text":1705,"type":55}," meet automotive-grade standards requires rigorous testing, which becomes more cost-efficient only at large scales. SMEs producing lower volumes struggle to dilute these costs.",{"type":1320,"content":1707},[1708],{"type":50,"attrs":1709,"content":1710},{"textAlign":23},[1711,1715],{"text":1712,"type":55,"marks":1713},"R&D costs:",[1714],{"type":58},{"text":1716,"type":55}," The research and development expenses for advanced integrated circuit (IC) design are immense, often necessitating support from governments or financial institutions. Without sufficient funding, SMEs focus on cost-cutting measures, limiting their capacity for innovation.",{"type":1320,"content":1718},[1719],{"type":50,"attrs":1720,"content":1721},{"textAlign":23},[1722,1726],{"text":1723,"type":55,"marks":1724},"Labor costs:",[1725],{"type":58},{"text":1727,"type":55}," Recruiting and retaining skilled engineers, particularly for cutting-edge fields like IC design, remains expensive and competitive.",{"type":250,"attrs":1729,"content":1730},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1731],{"text":1732,"type":55},"3. Challenges in automotive semiconductor design",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1735,"content":1736},{"textAlign":23},[1737,1741],{"text":1738,"type":55,"marks":1739},"Automotive semiconductors",[1740],{"type":58},{"text":1742,"type":55}," must meet specific requirements for durability, safety, and reliability that go beyond those of consumer electronics:",{"type":1317,"content":1744},[1745,1756],{"type":1320,"content":1746},[1747],{"type":50,"attrs":1748,"content":1749},{"textAlign":23},[1750,1754],{"text":1751,"type":55,"marks":1752},"High safety standards:",[1753],{"type":58},{"text":1755,"type":55}," Chips used in vehicles must perform flawlessly under extreme conditions, necessitating stricter manufacturing and testing protocols.",{"type":1320,"content":1757},[1758],{"type":50,"attrs":1759,"content":1760},{"textAlign":23},[1761,1765],{"text":1762,"type":55,"marks":1763},"Cost vs efficiency:",[1764],{"type":58},{"text":1766,"type":55}," While cutting-edge technology is not always necessary, achieving functional efficiency at a lower cost remains a challenge, especially for emerging markets.",{"type":250,"attrs":1768,"content":1769},{"level":252,"textAlign":23},[1770],{"text":1771,"type":55},"4. Broader industry-wide talent shortages and supply chain constraints",{"type":257},{"type":50,"attrs":1774,"content":1775},{"textAlign":23},[1776,1777,1780],{"text":1484,"type":55},{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1778},[1779],{"type":58},{"text":1781,"type":55}," industry is grappling with a global shortage of skilled professionals. Developing expertise in specialised areas such as advanced IC design, photolithography, and materials science demands significant investment in education and training, which many regions struggle to implement at scale. This talent gap poses a critical challenge to the industry's growth and innovation.",{"type":50,"attrs":1783,"content":1784},{"textAlign":23},[1785,1787,1791,1793,1796],{"text":1786,"type":55},"Adding to these difficulties is the highly segmented nature of the ",{"text":1788,"type":55,"marks":1789},"semiconductor supply chain",[1790],{"type":58},{"text":1792,"type":55},". Each region dominates specific segments of the chain: raw materials, equipment production, or manufacturing. Attempting to consolidate the entire supply chain domestically, even in the long term, presents significant obstacles. Achieving such integration requires vast investments not only in talent but also in the cutting-edge equipment essential for ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1794},[1795],{"type":58},{"text":1797,"type":55}," production.",{"type":50,"attrs":1799,"content":1800},{"textAlign":23},[1801],{"text":1802,"type":55},"Even for countries or companies that excel in one segment - such as ASML with its dominance in photolithography equipment - challenges persist. For instance, 85% of ASML's machine components are imported, highlighting the interconnectedness and interdependence within the global supply chain.",{"type":50,"attrs":1804,"content":1805},{"textAlign":23},[1806,1808,1811],{"text":1807,"type":55},"These complexities are further exacerbated by geopolitical tensions. Trade restrictions and political disputes threaten to disrupt the fragile supply chain, creating uncertainties in material access, production continuity, and technological development. These vulnerabilities emphasise the urgent need for cooperation and resilience-building in the ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":1809},[1810],{"type":58},{"text":1812,"type":55}," industry.",{"_uid":1814,"content":1815,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":231,"vertical_spacing":232},"078e668d-9951-4fec-8b91-5c4ab4a5fced",[1816],{"_uid":1817,"content":1818,"component":395},"dc8fbd78-dc92-4b23-983d-73b962e602d2",[1819,1823],{"_uid":1820,"link":1821,"content":1822,"alignment":243,"component":130,"heading_tag":244,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":244},"63843767-4816-4321-9bdf-ebeb39e210f9",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"The Future of EV Motors and Systems",{"_uid":1824,"text":1825,"alignment":243,"component":203,"paragraph_size":394},"3566941a-6103-4b31-a203-e623e97aea92",{"type":47,"content":1826},[1827,1877,1904,1951],{"type":50,"attrs":1828,"content":1829},{"textAlign":23},[1830,1833,1835,1838,1840,1844,1846,1849,1851,1855,1857,1860,1862,1865,1867,1870,1872,1876],{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":1831},[1832],{"type":58},{"text":1834,"type":55}," represent a critical technology enabling the global transition to ",{"text":84,"type":55,"marks":1836},[1837],{"type":58},{"text":1839,"type":55},", with ",{"text":1841,"type":55,"marks":1842},"permanent magnet synchronous motors",[1843],{"type":58},{"text":1845,"type":55}," (PMSMs) currently dominating due to their superior ",{"text":654,"type":55,"marks":1847},[1848],{"type":58},{"text":1850,"type":55}," and power density. However, challenges surrounding ",{"text":1852,"type":55,"marks":1853},"rare earth magnet",[1854],{"type":58},{"text":1856,"type":55}," supply chain security and cost are driving innovation in alternative ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":1858},[1859],{"type":58},{"text":1861,"type":55}," types including ",{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":1863},[1864],{"type":58},{"text":1866,"type":55},", externally excited ",{"text":631,"type":55,"marks":1868},[1869],{"type":58},{"text":1871,"type":55},", and emerging ",{"text":1873,"type":55,"marks":1874},"axial flux motor",[1875],{"type":58},{"text":1449,"type":55},{"type":50,"attrs":1878,"content":1879},{"textAlign":23},[1880,1888,1890,1897,1899,1902],{"text":1881,"type":55,"marks":1882},"The electric vehicle market is the fastest growing demand sector for rare earth permanent magnets (REPM)",[1883,1886,1887],{"type":842,"attrs":1884},{"href":1885,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/the-importance-of-evs-to-the-rare-earths-market",{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":1889,"type":55},", according to Benchmark's Rare Earths Forecast. ",{"text":1891,"type":55,"marks":1892},"In 2025, demand for rare earths in EV motors increased by 16% year-over-year to 43 kt",[1893,1895,1896],{"type":842,"attrs":1894},{"href":949,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":1898,"type":55},", driven by accelerating ",{"text":357,"type":55,"marks":1900},[1901],{"type":58},{"text":1903,"type":55}," adoption globally.",{"type":50,"attrs":1905,"content":1906},{"textAlign":23},[1907,1909,1912,1913,1917,1919,1922,1924,1928,1930,1933,1935,1939,1941,1945,1947,1950],{"text":1908,"type":55},"The integration of advanced ",{"text":1425,"type":55,"marks":1910},[1911],{"type":58},{"text":705,"type":55},{"text":1914,"type":55,"marks":1915},"silicon carbide inverters",[1916],{"type":58},{"text":1918,"type":55},", and 800V platforms is enhancing ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":1920},[1921],{"type":58},{"text":1923,"type":55}," performance and ",{"text":1925,"type":55,"marks":1926},"electric motor efficiency",[1927],{"type":58},{"text":1929,"type":55},", while ",{"text":1470,"type":55,"marks":1931},[1932],{"type":58},{"text":1934,"type":55}," supply chains face challenges related to margins, testing requirements, and geopolitical risks. As the industry matures, innovations in ",{"text":1936,"type":55,"marks":1937},"axial flux motors",[1938],{"type":58},{"text":1940,"type":55},", magnet-free designs, and ",{"text":1942,"type":55,"marks":1943},"motor controller",[1944],{"type":58},{"text":1946,"type":55}," technology will shape the future of ",{"text":148,"type":55,"marks":1948},[1949],{"type":58},{"text":496,"type":55},{"type":50,"attrs":1952,"content":1953},{"textAlign":23},[1954,1956,1964,1966,1970,1971,1975,1977,1981,1983,1986],{"text":1955,"type":55},"Explore ",{"text":1957,"type":55,"marks":1958},"Benchmark's Rare Earths intelligence",[1959,1962,1963],{"type":842,"attrs":1960},{"href":1961,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/rare-earths",{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":1965,"type":55}," for comprehensive data, forecasts, and analytics on ",{"text":1967,"type":55,"marks":1968},"neodymium",[1969],{"type":58},{"text":705,"type":55},{"text":1972,"type":55,"marks":1973},"praseodymium",[1974],{"type":58},{"text":1976,"type":55},", and ",{"text":1978,"type":55,"marks":1979},"permanent magnet",[1980],{"type":58},{"text":1982,"type":55}," supply chains driving the ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":1984},[1985],{"type":58},{"text":1812,"type":55},{"_uid":1988,"content":1989,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":115,"vertical_spacing":232},"22ef0e0f-3eea-47c0-bb7a-38de3f8d52e7",[1990],{"_uid":1991,"items":1992,"component":2046},"0058ea75-1f07-4372-a9bd-7abfd24a7243",[1993,2014,2029],{"_uid":1994,"cards":1995,"component":2013,"autoplay_interval":12},"8b283522-c8d9-4d91-b22d-638ab83751eb",[1996],{"_uid":1997,"logo":1998,"image":2000,"button":2004,"heading":2009,"category":2010,"component":2011,"description":2012,"image_position":99},"333672f9-97c3-4ba7-9ccd-56ee8904fcdb",{"id":23,"alt":23,"name":12,"focus":23,"title":23,"filename":23,"copyright":23,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1999,"is_external_url":30},{},{"id":2001,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":2002,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":2003,"is_external_url":30},116642683016232,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/300x200/1184d979e5/ev.jpeg",{},[2005],{"_uid":2006,"icon":12,"link":2007,"size":41,"label":2008,"theme":43,"component":44,"icon_position":12},"8a8e9fad-9288-4c36-8422-aafbd6b7a375",{"id":12,"url":949,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":949},"Read more","In conversation with NEO Performance Materials CEO and President Rahim Suleman ","Source","DesignCarouselCardItem","22nd September 2025 | 4 min read\nCritical Minerals, Geopolitics, New Energy, Rare EarthsESS","DesignCarouselItem",{"_uid":2015,"cards":2016,"component":2013},"b923ec8b-d02d-4a3b-bca6-bfd6f5d1ff04",[2017],{"_uid":2018,"logo":2019,"image":2021,"button":2023,"heading":2027,"category":2010,"component":2011,"description":2028,"image_position":243},"3df668a7-d4a3-46da-b841-00948b2f4098",{"id":23,"alt":23,"name":12,"focus":23,"title":23,"source":23,"filename":12,"copyright":23,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":2020},{},{"id":417,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":418,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":2022,"is_external_url":30},{},[2024],{"_uid":2025,"link":2026,"size":41,"label":2008,"theme":43,"component":44},"96542e10-bcf9-4bda-8fb0-6bcf5b02e362",{"id":12,"url":959,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":959},"China Tightens Rare Earths Export Controls Ahead of US Trade Talks","9th October 2025 | 3 min read\nCritical Minerals, Geopolitics, Policy, Rare Earths",{"_uid":2030,"cards":2031,"component":2013},"54478d58-be5f-4e9e-b033-f92e08a1622d",[2032],{"_uid":2033,"logo":2034,"image":2036,"button":2040,"heading":2044,"category":2010,"component":2011,"description":2045},"b4d2696b-031a-471b-af85-009f15219bcd",{"id":23,"alt":23,"name":12,"focus":23,"title":23,"filename":23,"copyright":23,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":2035,"is_external_url":30},{},{"id":2037,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":2038,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":2039,"is_external_url":30},116643723797691,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/300x200/7d8a4bc945/ess.jpeg",{},[2041],{"_uid":2042,"link":2043,"size":41,"label":2008,"theme":43,"component":44},"e4134a78-1d06-4ac1-bbb6-2e19f55e2a67",{"id":12,"url":1121,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":1121},"3. Rare Earth Magnets Unlikely to Be Substituted Any Time Soon","27th September 2023 | 5 min read\nCritical Minerals, Rare Earths","BlocksCardsSlider",{"_uid":2048,"content":2049,"anchor_id":12,"component":113,"container_width":114,"background_color":115,"vertical_spacing":232},"9bacf9bb-1104-4345-ae34-a651e9f4a888",[2050],{"_uid":2051,"link":2052,"heading":2060,"component":2061,"faq_items":2062,"description":2708},"d930698a-712b-4a29-9b61-abf556c9b068",[2053],{"_uid":2054,"link":2055,"label":2058,"component":2059},"eb65a662-63d2-4a31-9fe8-3dcd814d5e17",{"id":2056,"url":12,"linktype":104,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":2057},"4891e495-7c26-4b9b-8799-b82ef95977d3","homepage","Contact Us","DesignButtonLink","General FAQs","BlocksFAQ",[2063,2213,2364,2504],{"_uid":2064,"answer":2065,"opened":15,"question":2211,"component":2212,"existing_faq":12},"916cbe9c-1176-490e-bae7-e77698cee9b6",{"type":47,"content":2066},[2067,2115,2166,2191],{"type":50,"attrs":2068,"content":2069},{"textAlign":23},[2070,2074,2076,2079,2081,2084,2085,2088,2090,2094,2096,2099,2100,2103,2105,2108,2110,2113],{"text":2071,"type":55,"marks":2072},"Electric vehicles",[2073],{"type":58},{"text":2075,"type":55}," primarily use four types of ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":2077},[2078],{"type":58},{"text":2080,"type":55},": ",{"text":613,"type":55,"marks":2082},[2083],{"type":58},{"text":705,"type":55},{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":2086},[2087],{"type":58},{"text":2089,"type":55}," (also called ",{"text":2091,"type":55,"marks":2092},"asynchronous motors",[2093],{"type":58},{"text":2095,"type":55},"), Externally Excited Synchronous Motors (EESM), and ",{"text":1936,"type":55,"marks":2097},[2098],{"type":58},{"text":812,"type":55},{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":2101},[2102],{"type":58},{"text":2104,"type":55}," are the most common ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":2106},[2107],{"type":58},{"text":2109,"type":55}," type, accounting for 80-85% of the market, due to their high ",{"text":654,"type":55,"marks":2111},[2112],{"type":58},{"text":2114,"type":55}," (especially at higher loads) and excellent power density. ",{"type":50,"attrs":2116,"content":2117},{"textAlign":23},[2118,2120,2123,2125,2128,2130,2133,2135,2138,2140,2144,2146,2149,2151,2154,2156,2159,2161,2164],{"text":2119,"type":55},"These ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":2121},[2122],{"type":58},{"text":2124,"type":55}," use ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":2126},[2127],{"type":58},{"text":2129,"type":55}," made from ",{"text":643,"type":55,"marks":2131},[2132],{"type":58},{"text":2134,"type":55}," like neodymium or samarium embedded in the rotor. ",{"text":1060,"type":55,"marks":2136},[2137],{"type":58},{"text":2139,"type":55}," (or ",{"text":2141,"type":55,"marks":2142},"AC induction motors",[2143],{"type":58},{"text":2145,"type":55},") work through electromagnetic induction without requiring ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":2147},[2148],{"type":58},{"text":2150,"type":55},", making them simpler and more robust—Tesla famously used ",{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":2152},[2153],{"type":58},{"text":2155,"type":55}," in its early vehicles, though it has since adopted ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":2157},[2158],{"type":58},{"text":2160,"type":55}," in multi-",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":2162},[2163],{"type":58},{"text":2165,"type":55}," configurations to blend the advantages of both types. ",{"type":50,"attrs":2167,"content":2168},{"textAlign":23},[2169,2171,2174,2176,2179,2181,2184,2186,2189],{"text":2170,"type":55},"EESMs generate magnetic fields using an external DC power source rather than ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":2172},[2173],{"type":58},{"text":2175,"type":55},", making them ideal for ",{"text":773,"type":55,"marks":2177},[2178],{"type":58},{"text":2180,"type":55}," designs favored by BMW, Renault, and Mercedes-Benz. ",{"text":788,"type":55,"marks":2182},[2183],{"type":58},{"text":2185,"type":55}," are an emerging high-performance technology where magnetic flux flows axially (parallel to the shaft) rather than radially, delivering exceptional power density and compactness—YASA's ",{"text":1936,"type":55,"marks":2187},[2188],{"type":58},{"text":2190,"type":55}," power supercars including Ferrari SF90, Lamborghini Revuelto, and Koenigsegg Regera. ",{"type":50,"attrs":2192,"content":2193},{"textAlign":23},[2194,2196,2199,2201,2204,2206,2209],{"text":2195,"type":55},"Each ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":2197},[2198],{"type":58},{"text":2200,"type":55}," type offers distinct trade-offs between efficiency, cost, power density, and supply chain considerations, with ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":2202},[2203],{"type":58},{"text":2205,"type":55}," continuing to dominate due to their superior performance despite challenges related to ",{"text":1852,"type":55,"marks":2207},[2208],{"type":58},{"text":2210,"type":55}," costs and supply security.","What types of motors are used in electric vehicles?","DesignFAQItem",{"_uid":2214,"answer":2215,"opened":30,"question":2363,"component":2212,"existing_faq":12},"3cd691b9-155e-41b4-bfaf-9dfa4b62b310",{"type":47,"content":2216},[2217,2262,2293,2314,2330],{"type":50,"attrs":2218,"content":2219},{"textAlign":23},[2220,2224,2226,2229,2231,2234,2236,2239,2241,2245,2247,2250,2252,2255,2257,2260],{"text":2221,"type":55,"marks":2222},"Rare earth materials",[2223],{"type":58},{"text":2225,"type":55},", particularly neodymium and praseodymium (collectively called PrNd), are critical for manufacturing the ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":2227},[2228],{"type":58},{"text":2230,"type":55}," used in ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":2232},[2233],{"type":58},{"text":2235,"type":55},", which power 80-85% of ",{"text":84,"type":55,"marks":2237},[2238],{"type":58},{"text":2240,"type":55}," today. These ",{"text":2242,"type":55,"marks":2243},"rare earth magnets",[2244],{"type":58},{"text":2246,"type":55}," (specifically neodymium-iron-boron or NdFeB magnets) are the strongest ",{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":2248},[2249],{"type":58},{"text":2251,"type":55}," available commercially, enabling ",{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":2253},[2254],{"type":58},{"text":2256,"type":55}," to achieve exceptional power density, ",{"text":654,"type":55,"marks":2258},[2259],{"type":58},{"text":2261,"type":55},", and compactness essential for automotive performance.",{"type":50,"attrs":2263,"content":2264},{"textAlign":23},[2265,2267,2274,2275,2282,2283,2286,2288,2291],{"text":2266,"type":55}," ",{"text":2268,"type":55,"marks":2269},"The most common magnets used combine neodymium with iron and boron to create NdFeB magnets, with EVs being the largest demand driver",[2270,2272,2273],{"type":842,"attrs":2271},{"href":949,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":812,"type":55},{"text":2276,"type":55,"marks":2277},"In 2025, demand for rare earths in EV motors is expected to increase by 16% year-over-year to 43,000 tonnes",[2278,2280,2281],{"type":842,"attrs":2279},{"href":949,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":1898,"type":55},{"text":357,"type":55,"marks":2284},[2285],{"type":58},{"text":2287,"type":55}," adoption. However, ",{"text":2242,"type":55,"marks":2289},[2290],{"type":58},{"text":2292,"type":55}," present significant challenges: ",{"type":50,"attrs":2294,"content":2295},{"textAlign":23},[2296,2303,2305,2312],{"text":2297,"type":55,"marks":2298},"China dominates rare earth permanent magnet production with 89% of global capacity",[2299,2301,2302],{"type":842,"attrs":2300},{"href":949,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":2304,"type":55},", creating supply chain vulnerabilities for other countries. ",{"text":2306,"type":55,"marks":2307},"In October 2025, China announced sweeping export controls on rare earth elements covering not only domestic supply but any products containing magnets with traces as small as 0.1%",[2308,2310,2311],{"type":842,"attrs":2309},{"href":959,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":2313,"type":55},", heightening geopolitical tensions. ",{"type":50,"attrs":2315,"content":2316},{"textAlign":23},[2317,2319,2323,2325,2328],{"text":2318,"type":55},"Additionally, ",{"text":2320,"type":55,"marks":2321},"rare earth",[2322],{"type":58},{"text":2324,"type":55}," mining poses environmental challenges as ores sometimes contain radioactive elements like thorium and uranium, requiring stringent regulations. Material costs and price volatility driven by concentrated production further complicate ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":2326},[2327],{"type":58},{"text":2329,"type":55}," economics. ",{"type":50,"attrs":2331,"content":2332},{"textAlign":23},[2333,2335,2338,2340,2343,2345,2348,2350,2357,2359,2362],{"text":2334,"type":55},"These challenges are driving research into alternatives including ferrite magnets, magnet-free ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":2336},[2337],{"type":58},{"text":2339,"type":55}," designs like ",{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":2341},[2342],{"type":58},{"text":2344,"type":55}," and EESMs, and improved recycling of ",{"text":2242,"type":55,"marks":2346},[2347],{"type":58},{"text":2349,"type":55}," from end-of-life vehicles. However, ",{"text":2351,"type":55,"marks":2352},"rare earth magnets are unlikely to be substituted any time soon",[2353,2355,2356],{"type":842,"attrs":2354},{"href":1121,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":2358,"type":55}," according to Benchmark analysis, as no current alternative matches their performance characteristics for high-efficiency ",{"text":67,"type":55,"marks":2360},[2361],{"type":58},{"text":496,"type":55},"Why are rare earth materials important for EV motors?",{"_uid":2365,"answer":2366,"opened":30,"question":2503,"component":2212,"existing_faq":12},"1f04402c-90e6-4535-9860-b486800fbc45",{"type":47,"content":2367},[2368,2428,2443,2462],{"type":50,"attrs":2369,"content":2370},{"textAlign":23},[2371,2372,2375,2377,2381,2382,2385,2387,2390,2392,2399,2401,2408,2410,2418,2420,2427],{"text":1484,"type":55},{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":2373},[2374],{"type":58},{"text":2376,"type":55}," supply chain faces several interconnected challenges centered on ",{"text":2378,"type":55,"marks":2379},"rare earth materials",[2380],{"type":58},{"text":705,"type":55},{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":2383},[2384],{"type":58},{"text":2386,"type":55}," availability, and manufacturing complexity. First, ",{"text":1852,"type":55,"marks":2388},[2389],{"type":58},{"text":2391,"type":55}," supply chain security remains the most critical issue: ",{"text":2393,"type":55,"marks":2394},"China controls 89% of global rare earth permanent magnet production capacity",[2395,2397,2398],{"type":842,"attrs":2396},{"href":949,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":2400,"type":55}," and has implemented ",{"text":2402,"type":55,"marks":2403},"sweeping export controls on rare earth elements and products containing magnets",[2404,2406,2407],{"type":842,"attrs":2405},{"href":959,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":2409,"type":55},", creating vulnerabilities for automakers in other regions. ",{"text":2411,"type":55,"marks":2412},"Rare earth prices have been volatile, with PrNd oxide prices declining overall for two years due to oversupply and weak demand",[2413,2416,2417],{"type":842,"attrs":2414},{"href":2415,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/unsustainable-prices-hit-rare-earths-projects-worldwide",{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":2419,"type":55},", yet ",{"text":2421,"type":55,"marks":2422},"unsustainably low prices threaten non-Chinese rare earth projects and long-term supply diversification",[2423,2425,2426],{"type":842,"attrs":2424},{"href":2415,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":58},{"type":847},{"text":812,"type":55},{"type":50,"attrs":2429,"content":2430},{"textAlign":23},[2431,2433,2436,2438,2441],{"text":2432,"type":55},"Second, ",{"text":1470,"type":55,"marks":2434},[2435],{"type":58},{"text":2437,"type":55}," shortages have disrupted ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":2439},[2440],{"type":58},{"text":2442,"type":55}," production, with challenges including lower profit margins compared to consumer electronics, extensive testing and validation requirements for automotive-grade chips, high R&D costs that small and medium enterprises struggle to afford, and talent shortages in advanced IC design and photolithography. ",{"type":50,"attrs":2444,"content":2445},{"textAlign":23},[2446,2447,2450,2452,2455,2457,2460],{"text":1484,"type":55},{"text":1788,"type":55,"marks":2448},[2449],{"type":58},{"text":2451,"type":55}," is highly fragmented, with different regions dominating equipment (ASML in Netherlands), raw materials (Japan), and foundries (TSMC in Taiwan), making domestic supply chain consolidation extremely difficult—even ASML imports 85% of its machine components. Third, manufacturing ",{"text":530,"type":55,"marks":2453},[2454],{"type":58},{"text":2456,"type":55}," at scale with consistent quality remains challenging, particularly for emerging technologies like ",{"text":1936,"type":55,"marks":2458},[2459],{"type":58},{"text":2461,"type":55}," that promise higher power density but lack mature industrialization processes. ",{"type":50,"attrs":2463,"content":2464},{"textAlign":23},[2465,2467,2470,2472,2476,2478,2481,2483,2486,2488,2491,2493,2496,2498,2501],{"text":2466,"type":55},"Fourth, the transition to 800V platforms and ",{"text":1357,"type":55,"marks":2468},[2469],{"type":58},{"text":2471,"type":55}," is progressing slowly due to higher costs and limited ",{"text":2473,"type":55,"marks":2474},"SiC",[2475],{"type":58},{"text":2477,"type":55}," production capacity, limiting performance improvements. Finally, geopolitical tensions create uncertainties across the entire supply chain, from ",{"text":2320,"type":55,"marks":2479},[2480],{"type":58},{"text":2482,"type":55}," mining through ",{"text":1431,"type":55,"marks":2484},[2485],{"type":58},{"text":2487,"type":55}," fabrication to final ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":2489},[2490],{"type":58},{"text":2492,"type":55}," assembly, with trade restrictions and political disputes threatening material access and production continuity. These supply chain vulnerabilities underscore the need for diversification, technological innovation in magnet-free ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":2494},[2495],{"type":58},{"text":2497,"type":55}," designs, strategic stockpiling of critical materials, and international cooperation to build resilient ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":2499},[2500],{"type":58},{"text":2502,"type":55}," supply chains supporting global electrification goals.","What are the major challenges in the EV motor supply chain?",{"_uid":2505,"answer":2506,"opened":30,"question":2707,"component":2212},"16a50370-9586-4021-bf13-a489ce80037e",{"type":47,"content":2507},[2508,2549,2583,2627,2672],{"type":50,"attrs":2509,"content":2510},{"textAlign":23},[2511,2514,2515,2518,2520,2523,2525,2528,2529,2532,2534,2537,2539,2542,2544,2547],{"text":613,"type":55,"marks":2512},[2513],{"type":58},{"text":540,"type":55},{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":2516},[2517],{"type":58},{"text":2519,"type":55}," represent the two dominant ",{"text":438,"type":55,"marks":2521},[2522],{"type":58},{"text":2524,"type":55}," technologies, each with distinct advantages and trade-offs that influence automaker selection. ",{"text":625,"type":55,"marks":2526},[2527],{"type":58},{"text":2124,"type":55},{"text":637,"type":55,"marks":2530},[2531],{"type":58},{"text":2533,"type":55}," (typically ",{"text":2320,"type":55,"marks":2535},[2536],{"type":58},{"text":2538,"type":55}," neodymium-iron-boron alloys) embedded in the rotor, achieving superior ",{"text":654,"type":55,"marks":2540},[2541],{"type":58},{"text":2543,"type":55}," of 93-97%, particularly at partial loads typical of everyday driving, along with exceptional power density enabling more compact ",{"text":453,"type":55,"marks":2545},[2546],{"type":58},{"text":2548,"type":55}," designs. 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