[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3226},["ShallowReactive",2],{"story-glossary/lithium-ion-battery-recycling":3,"story-settings":1477,"story-header-settings":1595,"storyblok-links":2495,"ticker-data":2699},{"name":4,"slug":5,"full_slug":6,"content":7},"Lithium-ion-Battery-Recycling","lithium-ion-battery-recycling","glossary/lithium-ion-battery-recycling",{"seo":8,"_uid":14,"live":15,"content":16,"no_index":30,"component":1475,"print_pdf":30,"hide_footer":30,"hide_header":30,"sign_in_url":12,"breadcrumb_schema":1476},{"_uid":9,"title":10,"plugin":11,"og_image":12,"og_title":12,"description":13,"twitter_image":12,"twitter_title":12,"og_description":12,"twitter_description":12},"a90f5179-5d86-4a43-bf31-ad8eab918994","Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Guide: Process, Technology & Market Analysis","seo_metatags","","Comprehensive guide to lithium-ion battery recycling covering black mass production, hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and direct recycling. Expert analysis of recycling capacity, regulations, and market trends from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.","35d41617-e943-4d34-be76-a53fe801461d",true,[17,86,181,268,535,737,970,1081,1151,1223,1286],{"_uid":18,"content":19,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":83,"background_color":84,"vertical_spacing":85,"rounded_bottom_corners":30},"e1b2ffeb-ef32-4aca-9577-3403b91aa0d0",[20],{"_uid":21,"icon":22,"image":26,"heading":31,"component":32,"breadcrumb":30,"cta_buttons":33,"cta_heading":12,"description":46,"sub_heading":61,"cta_sub_link":62,"cta_sub_text":63,"description_size":66,"sub_heading_size":67,"content_alignment":68,"custom_breadcrumb":69,"full_size_overlay":30,"even_vertical_spacing":30},"8403ccc9-4595-4f29-adfa-b7565dddbf98",{"id":23,"alt":23,"name":12,"focus":23,"title":23,"source":23,"filename":12,"copyright":23,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":25},null,"asset",{},{"id":27,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":28,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":29,"is_external_url":30},22310170,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/1456x816/5128ee6edb/fc-banner.png",{"alt":12,"title":12,"source":12,"copyright":12},false,"Glossary | Lithium ion Battery Recycling ","BlocksHero",[34],{"_uid":35,"link":36,"size":41,"label":42,"theme":43,"component":44,"hubspot_form":45},"b13f6f3b-7695-488f-a4b3-b46c13991bd1",{"id":12,"url":37,"target":38,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":37},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/plans","_blank","url","multilink","regular","View Plans","primary","DesignButton",[],{"type":47,"content":48},"doc",[49],{"type":50,"attrs":51,"content":52},"paragraph",{"textAlign":23},[53],{"text":54,"type":55,"marks":56},"Lithium ion battery recycling is an essential and rapidly evolving process aimed at recovering valuable materials from used batteries, particularly those used in electric vehicles (EVs), eMicromobility and 2 & 3 Wheelers, portables, and battery energy storage systems.","text",[57],{"type":58,"attrs":59},"textStyle",{"color":60},"#000000","Lithium ion Battery Recycling",[],{"type":47,"content":64},[65],{"type":50},"paragraph-base","h5","center",[70,76],{"_uid":71,"link":72,"name":74,"component":75},"511b64ac-fca1-432a-902e-0b1c7d02e01f",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"story","Services","BreadcrumbLink",{"_uid":77,"link":78,"name":81,"component":75},"bd350d43-b57c-46ba-a2c5-ad44474961b6",{"id":79,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":80},"b3cbcf6e-ce77-4661-bf65-f1a5299ed6f4","forecasts","Forecasts","Panel","full","white","none",{"_uid":87,"content":88,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"3cae4793-af03-4c1b-b539-c5fe9e002203",[89],{"gap":90,"_uid":91,"wrap":30,"columns":92,"heading":12,"component":175,"column_sizes":176,"reverse_on_responsive":15},"large","eaeae1b2-3435-4b11-8e5e-dd51c0354d60",[93,164],{"_uid":94,"content":95,"component":163,"vertical_alignment":68},"f9c74213-31b0-4274-b72c-4a0a5468dfe8",[96,101,155],{"_uid":97,"link":98,"content":61,"alignment":12,"component":99,"left_border":15,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":100},"a015436b-20d3-4ec0-b9fd-9e31b325922b",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"ContentHeading","h2",{"_uid":102,"text":103,"component":153,"paragraph_size":154},"f7965110-937d-4210-9b69-227deba9d3d8",{"type":47,"content":104},[105,113,121,129],{"type":50,"attrs":106,"content":107},{"textAlign":23},[108],{"text":109,"type":55,"marks":110},"It is an essential and rapidly evolving industry aimed at recovering valuable materials from used batteries, particularly those used in electric vehicles (EVs), consumer electronics, and energy storage systems. ",[111],{"type":58,"attrs":112},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":114,"content":115},{"textAlign":23},[116],{"text":117,"type":55,"marks":118},"As the demand for lithium ion batteries rises, driven by the transition to electric mobility and renewable energy solutions, sustainable management of these batteries throughout their lifecycle has become increasingly important.",[119],{"type":58,"attrs":120},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":122,"content":123},{"textAlign":23},[124],{"text":125,"type":55,"marks":126},"Battery recycling addresses environmental concerns related to battery waste, such as the leakage of toxic chemicals and heavy metals, and facilitates the recovery of critical materials like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. These resources are finite, unevenly distributed, and costly to extract and refine, making their recovery through lithium battery recycling economically advantageous and strategically significant. Ultimately, lithium ion battery recycling is vital for promoting a circular economy, where materials are continuously reused, reducing reliance on raw material extraction and supporting a more sustainable battery supply chain for future generations.",[127],{"type":58,"attrs":128},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":130,"content":131},{"textAlign":23},[132,137,148],{"text":133,"type":55,"marks":134},"The ",[135],{"type":58,"attrs":136},{"color":60},{"text":138,"type":55,"marks":139},"global battery recycling industry",[140,144,146],{"type":141,"attrs":142},"link",{"href":143,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/recycling",{"type":58,"attrs":145},{"color":60},{"type":147},"underline",{"text":149,"type":55,"marks":150}," is positioned to become a cornerstone of sustainable energy transition, with Benchmark forecasting significant capacity expansion through 2030 and beyond.",[151],{"type":58,"attrs":152},{"color":60},"ContentText","xl",{"_uid":156,"buttons":157,"component":162},"6f0c2885-16eb-4ce2-a342-faa7013b0db2",[158],{"_uid":159,"link":160,"size":41,"label":161,"theme":43,"component":44},"e3eef8b0-397f-4448-885f-6645dd5d0303",{"id":12,"url":143,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":143},"Learn More About Our Recycling Service","ContentButtons","DesignColumn",{"_uid":165,"content":166,"component":163,"vertical_alignment":68},"7d9f636b-9142-4406-9e04-943763dceed7",[167],{"_uid":168,"image":169,"height":173,"component":174,"fit_image":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"261de765-7348-4c47-a493-20e0f9b1a8fa",{"id":170,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":171,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":172,"is_external_url":30},116643723797691,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/300x200/7d8a4bc945/ess.jpeg",{},"496","ContentImage","Blocks2Columns",{"value":177,"plugin":178},0.65,"storyblok-slider","light-grey","small",{"_uid":182,"content":183,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"385509e1-1edd-4fab-930f-7bb0b7c0d153",[184],{"_uid":185,"content":186,"component":267},"e1c23062-d9b6-49e2-88f1-e89199300eae",[187,193],{"_uid":188,"link":189,"content":190,"alignment":191,"component":99,"heading_tag":192,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":192},"72daed28-f2be-4107-bb0b-ffc675b875e2",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"How has demand for battery recycling grown?","left","h3",{"_uid":194,"text":195,"alignment":191,"component":153,"paragraph_size":266},"de1f264c-77aa-42b5-a6f0-a802b037dc42",{"type":47,"content":196},[197,205,228,230],{"type":50,"attrs":198,"content":199},{"textAlign":23},[200],{"text":201,"type":55,"marks":202},"The demand for lithium ion battery recycling is projected to grow significantly, largely driven by the rising adoption of EVs and expanding battery production. By 2040, the global EV market is expected to expand considerably, resulting in millions of vehicles reaching the end of their operational lives and necessitating enhanced battery recycling efforts to reclaim valuable materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel.",[203],{"type":58,"attrs":204},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":206,"content":207},{"textAlign":23},[208,213,223],{"text":209,"type":55,"marks":210},"Although battery production scrap from gigafactories will be the primary source of recyclable battery material in the short-term, after 2028, EV scrap will overtake and will remain the largest contributor to recyclable battery material in upcoming years, according to ",[211],{"type":58,"attrs":212},{"color":60},{"text":214,"type":55,"marks":215},"Benchmark's Recycling Analysis",[216,219,222],{"type":141,"attrs":217},{"href":218,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/video/watch/from-battery-scrap-to-battery-grade-how-the-recycling-industry-is-evolving",{"type":58,"attrs":220},{"color":221},"#1155CC",{"type":147},{"text":224,"type":55,"marks":225},". Furthermore, as battery supply chain challenges and sustainability goals become increasingly prominent, manufacturers are focusing on incorporating recycled content into their products, which will further drive the demand for recycled materials in battery production.",[226],{"type":58,"attrs":227},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":229},{"textAlign":23},{"type":50,"attrs":231,"content":232},{"textAlign":23},[233,238,247,252,261],{"text":234,"type":55,"marks":235},"Forecasts indicate that global battery recycling feedstock availability will surpass 0.5 TWh by 2030, with the automotive sector being a significant contributor. To meet this increasing need, efficient collection and battery recycling systems must be developed to manage both post-consumer batteries and pre-consumer feedstocks, such as production scrap from battery manufacturing facilities, or end of life (EOL) EV batteries, swapped batteries, or ",[236],{"type":58,"attrs":237},{"color":60},{"text":239,"type":55,"marks":240},"recalls",[241,244,246],{"type":141,"attrs":242},{"href":243,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/power-bank-recalls-on-the-rise-what-does-this-mean-for-the-recycling-industry",{"type":58,"attrs":245},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":248,"type":55,"marks":249},". Advancements in collection and recycling infrastructure are critical for ensuring a sustainable supply chain within the battery recycling industry. From an investment standpoint, to build the capacity required to recycle the forecasted battery scrap by 2040, over $150 billion is set to be required. Considering all aspects of the supply chain, to plug the gap between today’s battery industry and 2040 battery demand, at least ",[250],{"type":58,"attrs":251},{"color":60},{"text":253,"type":55,"marks":254},"$1.6 trillion of investment is required",[255,258,260],{"type":141,"attrs":256},{"href":257,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/1-6-trillion-investment-needed-in-battery-industry-by-2040",{"type":58,"attrs":259},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":262,"type":55,"marks":263},". ",[264],{"type":58,"attrs":265},{"color":60},"base","BlocksContent",{"_uid":269,"content":270,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"ae0a7991-d3fd-444c-9e19-8e45c73e740c",[271],{"_uid":272,"content":273,"component":267},"a17e46f4-664a-41cc-8e05-7cd453635312",[274,278],{"_uid":275,"link":276,"content":277,"alignment":191,"component":99,"heading_tag":192,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":192},"dbf296c1-efd2-4e23-bf9c-165fe32448e3",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What has driven capacity development regionally?",{"_uid":279,"text":280,"alignment":191,"component":153,"paragraph_size":266},"5e0b62ca-97be-4485-9d1f-a221c6a3d46d",{"type":47,"content":281},[282,303,339,341,353,375,376,385,441,442,451,487,488,497,505,527],{"type":50,"attrs":283,"content":284},{"textAlign":23},[285,290,298],{"text":286,"type":55,"marks":287},"The global battery recycling capacity is steadily increasing in response to the growing volume of used lithium ion battery cells, with Benchmark forecasting that the total weight of EoL/production scrap available for recycling will exceed 2.5 million metric tons by 2030. This expansion is essential to accommodate the influx of EOL batteries from the EV sector, which is expected to continue its upward trajectory in the coming years. The ",[288],{"type":58,"attrs":289},{"color":60},{"text":291,"type":55,"marks":292},"battery recycling industry is evolving",[293,295,297],{"type":141,"attrs":294},{"href":218,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},{"type":58,"attrs":296},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":299,"type":55,"marks":300}," globally, with distinct regional variations in market development and infrastructure.",[301],{"type":58,"attrs":302},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":304,"content":305},{"textAlign":23},[306,311,320,325,334],{"text":307,"type":55,"marks":308},"The development of lithium ion battery recycling infrastructure varies significantly across regions, with notable efforts underway in China, Europe, North America, and India. ",[309],{"type":58,"attrs":310},{"color":60},{"text":312,"type":55,"marks":313},"In Europe and North America, the battery recycling markets have a similar level of maturity",[314,317,319],{"type":141,"attrs":315},{"href":316,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/in-charts-comparing-the-european-and-north-american-black-mass-markets",{"type":58,"attrs":318},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":321,"type":55,"marks":322},", however there are key differences between how black mass is classified and priced in these regions. Throughout 2025, ",[323],{"type":58,"attrs":324},{"color":60},{"text":326,"type":55,"marks":327},"grants accounted for the majority of funding in the battery recycling industry",[328,331,333],{"type":141,"attrs":329},{"href":330,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-is-battery-supply-chain-funding-evolving-in-2025",{"type":58,"attrs":332},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":335,"type":55,"marks":336},", highlighting the need for government support to expand the recycling infrastructure required in each region.",[337],{"type":58,"attrs":338},{"color":60},{"type":340},"horizontal_rule",{"type":342,"attrs":343,"content":345},"heading",{"level":344,"textAlign":23},4,[346],{"text":347,"type":55,"marks":348},"China",[349,351],{"type":58,"attrs":350},{"color":60},{"type":352},"bold",{"type":50,"attrs":354,"content":355},{"textAlign":23},[356,361,370],{"text":357,"type":55,"marks":358},"China currently leads the global battery recycling market, driven predominantly by its extensive EV industry, manufacturing capabilities, and supportive government policies. ",[359],{"type":58,"attrs":360},{"color":60},{"text":362,"type":55,"marks":363},"China accounts for over three quarters of battery pre-treatment capacity and greater than 85% of black mass refining capacity",[364,367,369],{"type":141,"attrs":365},{"href":366,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-how-much-of-the-recycling-industry-does-china-control",{"type":58,"attrs":368},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":371,"type":55,"marks":372}," as of 2025, solidifying its dominance in the battery recycling sector. Many battery recycling companies are bringing operations online to manage the increasing volume of EOL batteries and production scrap in upcoming years.",[373],{"type":58,"attrs":374},{"color":60},{"type":340},{"type":342,"attrs":377,"content":378},{"level":344,"textAlign":23},[379],{"text":380,"type":55,"marks":381},"Europe",[382,384],{"type":58,"attrs":383},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":50,"attrs":386,"content":387},{"textAlign":23},[388,393,399,408,413,422,427,436],{"text":389,"type":55,"marks":390},"In Europe, battery recycling infrastructure has evolved mainly as a response to regulations such as the",[391],{"type":58,"attrs":392},{"color":60},{"text":394,"type":55,"marks":395}," ",[396,398],{"type":58,"attrs":397},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"text":400,"type":55,"marks":401},"EU Battery Regulation and the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA)",[402,405,407],{"type":141,"attrs":403},{"href":404,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-the-lithium-ion-supply-chain-should-prepare-for-the-eu-battery-regulation",{"type":58,"attrs":406},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":409,"type":55,"marks":410},", as well as the ",[411],{"type":58,"attrs":412},{"color":60},{"text":414,"type":55,"marks":415},"classification of black mass as hazardous waste to reduce critical mineral leakage",[416,419,421],{"type":141,"attrs":417},{"href":418,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/eu-classifies-black-mass-as-hazardous-waste-to-reduce-critical-mineral-leakage",{"type":58,"attrs":420},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":423,"type":55,"marks":424},". The Battery Regulation replaced the previous battery directive and aims to regulate the entire lifecycle of batteries within the EU to reduce environmental impacts, improve sustainability, and support a circular economy. The regulation stipulates that by 2031, new batteries must contain 6% recycled content for lithium and nickel, and 16% for cobalt. While the CRMA addresses the EU's dependence on imported raw materials which includes battery raw materials, it supports the development of a battery recycling industry. These regulations enforce battery recycling targets and mandate the use of recycled materials in new batteries. Recyclers are establishing commercial-scale battery recycling facilities across the continent to create a closed loop on critical materials. As part of the implementation of the EU Batteries Regulation, each EU member state is working to integrate and implement their regional legislation to the overall law, such as the integration of its national Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) systems with Producer Responsibility Organisations (PRO). In ex-EU countries, such as the UK, legislation is being introduced to encourage critical mineral security through manufacturing and recycling - as has been outlined in the much anticipated ",[425],{"type":58,"attrs":426},{"color":60},{"text":428,"type":55,"marks":429},"Critical Mineral Strategy: Vision 2035",[430,433,435],{"type":141,"attrs":431},{"href":432,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-ambitious-is-the-uks-critical-mineral-strategy",{"type":58,"attrs":434},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":437,"type":55,"marks":438},", where the government defined a list of minerals which it has determined as critical and/or important for growth. ",[439],{"type":58,"attrs":440},{"color":60},{"type":340},{"type":342,"attrs":443,"content":444},{"level":344,"textAlign":23},[445],{"text":446,"type":55,"marks":447},"North America",[448,450],{"type":58,"attrs":449},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":50,"attrs":452,"content":453},{"textAlign":23},[454,459,468,473,482],{"text":455,"type":55,"marks":456},"Capacity growth in North America initially developed slower than in Europe or China. However, with the arrival of the Biden Administration Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Department of Energy (DOE) support, ",[457],{"type":58,"attrs":458},{"color":60},{"text":460,"type":55,"marks":461},"grant funding into the battery recycling sector increased hugely",[462,465,467],{"type":141,"attrs":463},{"href":464,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/us-doe-funding-promises-680-million-to-support-domestic-recycling-projects",{"type":58,"attrs":466},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":469,"type":55,"marks":470},", with many investments being made to build out battery recycling capacity within North America. To date, capacity development in the sector has largely been led by federal funding, however with the inauguration of President Trump in January 2025, there was significant ",[471],{"type":58,"attrs":472},{"color":60},{"text":474,"type":55,"marks":475},"anticipation into how his presidency would impact the recycling industry",[476,479,481],{"type":141,"attrs":477},{"href":478,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-could-trump-impact-the-us-battery-recycling-market",{"type":58,"attrs":480},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":483,"type":55,"marks":484},", with Trump’s plans to dismantle the IRA being of notable significance. While the IRA has succeeded in supporting the industry through its infancy, with an emphasis on America-first supply chains potentially increasing the need for battery recycling in the US, Trump’s legislation will now focus on critical mineral security and supply chain independence. In the US, black mass is classified as a solid waste and only given a hazardous classification if the material in question can be proven to have hazardous characteristics. Stakeholders are of the opinion that limiting black mass export in North America would be highly beneficial to achieve critical mineral security in the region, although the lack of refining capacity in the region currently means that this is not currently an appropriate solution to limit materials leakage.",[485],{"type":58,"attrs":486},{"color":60},{"type":340},{"type":342,"attrs":489,"content":490},{"level":344,"textAlign":23},[491],{"text":492,"type":55,"marks":493},"India",[494,496],{"type":58,"attrs":495},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":50,"attrs":498,"content":499},{"textAlign":23},[500],{"text":501,"type":55,"marks":502},"India is a market that is showing signs of growth in the battery recycling sector. Largely this is through its Battery Waste Management (BWM) Rules, which were issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) at the beginning of 2025, which prioritises collection and battery recycling to address its growing e-waste and EoL batteries. Differing to China, Europe, and North America, by 2030 the majority of the country's batteries are set to come from eMicromobility & 2&3 Wheeler segments with almost double the GWh of EVs in this year. ",[503],{"type":58,"attrs":504},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":506,"content":507},{"textAlign":23},[508,513,522],{"text":509,"type":55,"marks":510},"Under current regulation, black mass can only be exported from India under a certain HS code once the exporting company has received an export control licence and further permissions from the Indian government, however previously a significant portion of black mass was being exported under alternative codes as a workaround, avoiding the need for additional permits/approvals from the MoEFCC. Towards the end of 2025, the Indian government acknowledged that black mass exporters were circumventing Indian hazardous waste export rules through the use of unrelated HS codes, and have ",[511],{"type":58,"attrs":512},{"color":60},{"text":514,"type":55,"marks":515},"clamped down on this non-compliance",[516,519,521],{"type":141,"attrs":517},{"href":518,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/india-looks-to-tighten-black-mass-exports-as-it-funds-domestic-refining-capabilities",{"type":58,"attrs":520},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":523,"type":55,"marks":524},", which came as the government was looking to bolster its support for domestic refining capabilities through a $170 million grant scheme.",[525],{"type":58,"attrs":526},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":528,"content":529},{"textAlign":23},[530],{"text":531,"type":55,"marks":532},"Development on a smaller scale is also occurring in other regions including Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Japan, as they look to deal with the increasing volume of e-waste and batteries. Collectively, these global efforts signify a clear movement toward sustainable battery supply chains, as each region seeks to enhance access to critical materials while minimising environmental impact.",[533],{"type":58,"attrs":534},{"color":60},{"_uid":536,"content":537,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"0f197276-2e72-4843-bd80-5f5c3d48508a",[538],{"gap":90,"_uid":539,"wrap":30,"columns":540,"heading":12,"component":175,"column_sizes":736,"reverse_on_responsive":15},"c08b756f-dec1-4256-a670-ff76f3ad2f0b",[541,727],{"_uid":542,"content":543,"component":163,"vertical_alignment":68},"6a84bdad-c09d-49b2-ac18-045f89b22d00",[544,548,720],{"_uid":545,"link":546,"content":547,"alignment":12,"component":99,"left_border":15,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":100},"6e73442a-c58b-4a46-98ae-9daf1b7b2ba1",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"The battery recycling process",{"_uid":549,"text":550,"alignment":191,"component":153,"paragraph_size":154},"4a3635c0-9a28-4e30-8fc3-7c1b02e7566c",{"type":47,"content":551},[552,560,570,580,581,589,598,599,607,616,617,639,648,649,657,688,697,698],{"type":50,"attrs":553,"content":554},{"textAlign":23},[555],{"text":556,"type":55,"marks":557},"The battery recycling process for lithium ion batteries is complex and involves several stages to ensure the efficient recovery of valuable materials. The typical battery recycling process includes:",[558],{"type":58,"attrs":559},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":561,"content":562},{"textAlign":23},[563],{"text":564,"type":55,"marks":565},"General process of battery recycling",[566,568],{"type":58,"attrs":567},{"color":60},{"type":569},"italic",{"type":342,"attrs":571,"content":573},{"level":572,"textAlign":23},5,[574],{"text":575,"type":55,"marks":576},"1. Collection of EoL batteries",[577,579],{"type":58,"attrs":578},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":582,"content":583},{"textAlign":23},[584],{"text":585,"type":55,"marks":586},"Batteries from manufacturing gigafactories, EVs, eMicromobility & 2&3 wheelers, consumer electronics, and industrial applications are collected once they reach the end of life batteries stage.",[587],{"type":58,"attrs":588},{"color":60},{"type":342,"attrs":590,"content":591},{"level":572,"textAlign":23},[592],{"text":593,"type":55,"marks":594},"2. Discharging",[595,597],{"type":58,"attrs":596},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":600,"content":601},{"textAlign":23},[602],{"text":603,"type":55,"marks":604},"For many recyclers, one of the first LiB recycling steps is discharging. The discharge step is mainly done to prevent fire/explosive issues, and in many cases to store and utilise residual energy. For the discharging step, there is a balance to be struck between safety, efficiency, and environmental impacts. ",[605],{"type":58,"attrs":606},{"color":60},{"type":342,"attrs":608,"content":609},{"level":572,"textAlign":23},[610],{"text":611,"type":55,"marks":612},"3. Dismantling",[613,615],{"type":58,"attrs":614},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":618,"content":619},{"textAlign":23},[620,625,634],{"text":621,"type":55,"marks":622},"For batteries that are contained within a pack, after collection the battery pack is disassembled to separate individual battery cells, which are assessed for their potential for ",[623],{"type":58,"attrs":624},{"color":60},{"text":626,"type":55,"marks":627},"reuse in second life battery applications",[628,631,633],{"type":141,"attrs":629},{"href":630,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-is-the-second-life-battery-market-playing-out",{"type":58,"attrs":632},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":635,"type":55,"marks":636}," or the need for full battery recycling. To save time and cost, some recycling companies opt to leave out this step, although this can lead to higher impurity content in the recovered material due to the remaining casing, which then will require additional recovery steps during refining.",[637],{"type":58,"attrs":638},{"color":60},{"type":342,"attrs":640,"content":641},{"level":572,"textAlign":23},[642],{"text":643,"type":55,"marks":644},"4. Production of black mass",[645,647],{"type":58,"attrs":646},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":650,"content":651},{"textAlign":23},[652],{"text":653,"type":55,"marks":654},"Cells that cannot be reused are sent to be recycled where, in most cases,  they are mechanically broken down. This step is known as crushing or shredding and results in a coarse mixture known as \"black mass,\" which contains the active material powders, consisting of various metals, including lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Black mass serves as a crucial intermediate product in the battery recycling process. Following dismantling and shredding, it represents a mixture of active metals ready for further processing. ",[655],{"type":58,"attrs":656},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":658,"content":659},{"textAlign":23},[660,669,674,683],{"text":661,"type":55,"marks":662},"Black mass contains critical battery minerals",[663,666,668],{"type":141,"attrs":664},{"href":665,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/what-is-black-mass-and-how-is-it-priced",{"type":58,"attrs":667},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":670,"type":55,"marks":671}," and is produced by processing battery scrap. This black mass is processed to separate valuable materials. Black mass is a tradeable commodity and its quality and composition varies by company due to different processes involved to recover the material. The value of black mass depends on the metals contained within it. For example for NCM black mass, the valuable components are nickel, cobalt, and lithium. ",[672],{"type":58,"attrs":673},{"color":60},{"text":675,"type":55,"marks":676},"A payable for each mineral will be decided to then derive a price",[677,680,682],{"type":141,"attrs":678},{"href":679,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/q3-2025-black-mass-price-review-china-lifts-black-mass-import-restrictions",{"type":58,"attrs":681},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":684,"type":55,"marks":685}," - the calculation for this varies by region.",[686],{"type":58,"attrs":687},{"color":60},{"type":342,"attrs":689,"content":690},{"level":572,"textAlign":23},[691],{"text":692,"type":55,"marks":693},"5. Conversion to metal salts or other recovered materials",[694,696],{"type":58,"attrs":695},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":699,"content":700},{"textAlign":23},[701,706,715],{"text":702,"type":55,"marks":703},"The black mass is then chemically treated to separate and refine metals, often converting them into salts like lithium carbonate or nickel sulphate. These recycled battery materials are then prepared for reuse in new batteries or other industrial applications, completing the battery recycling cycle. According to leading battery recycling companies, ",[704],{"type":58,"attrs":705},{"color":60},{"text":707,"type":55,"marks":708},"recycled content can constitute up to 100% of cobalt",[709,712,714],{"type":141,"attrs":710},{"href":711,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/redwood-to-supply-us-made-cathode-to-panasonic-as-bidens-ira-boosts-supply-chain",{"type":58,"attrs":713},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":716,"type":55,"marks":717}," and 25-30% of nickel and lithium in new battery production for some OEMs.",[718],{"type":58,"attrs":719},{"color":60},{"_uid":721,"buttons":722,"component":162},"ee7b51b8-2548-4975-9fa9-80149997348c",[723],{"_uid":724,"link":725,"size":41,"label":726,"theme":43,"component":44},"ced34880-25e0-4afd-b701-ca05389d45a0",{"id":12,"url":143,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":143},"Learn more About Our Recycling Service",{"_uid":728,"content":729,"component":163,"vertical_alignment":68},"b9cf0835-f6cc-4d0f-9570-54052dd1c8df",[730],{"_uid":731,"image":732,"height":173,"component":174,"fit_image":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"f18452c7-397f-4e12-820a-0295d8f6e720",{"id":733,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":734,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":735,"is_external_url":30},77707019453677,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/527bc57598/hero_batteryandgigafactory4.png",{},{"value":177,"plugin":178},{"_uid":738,"content":739,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"45fc27a0-c85c-40ed-947a-2c5fc86f3f15",[740],{"_uid":741,"content":742,"component":267},"9dd07658-8625-4017-a36b-d278b5ca3638",[743,747],{"_uid":744,"link":745,"content":746,"alignment":191,"component":99,"heading_tag":192,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":192},"54bde4df-104c-4d89-825b-ebe768cd6922",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What technology is used in battery recycling?",{"_uid":748,"text":749,"alignment":191,"component":153,"paragraph_size":266},"205ddcc0-1c33-4224-987c-131c0ca5119d",{"type":47,"content":750},[751,759,769,790,799,800,808,817,818,868,870,879,880,952,961,962],{"type":50,"attrs":752,"content":753},{"textAlign":23},[754],{"text":755,"type":55,"marks":756},"The lithium ion battery recycling market employs various battery recycling technologies, each with distinct advantages and limitations tailored to specific applications. Effective material recovery typically involves two primary stages: pre-treatment and black mass refining.",[757],{"type":58,"attrs":758},{"color":60},{"type":342,"attrs":760,"content":762},{"level":761,"textAlign":23},3,[763],{"text":764,"type":55,"marks":765},"Pre-treatment to produce black mass",[766,768],{"type":58,"attrs":767},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":50,"attrs":770,"content":771},{"textAlign":23},[772,777,785],{"text":773,"type":55,"marks":774},"In the pre-treatment phase, batteries are shredded or crushed into a coarse material known as \"black mass\" which contains a mix of valuable metals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. ",[775],{"type":58,"attrs":776},{"color":60},{"text":778,"type":55,"marks":779},"The battery recycling industries in both Europe and North America are skewed towards black mass production",[780,782,784],{"type":141,"attrs":781},{"href":316,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},{"type":58,"attrs":783},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":786,"type":55,"marks":787}," through battery waste pretreatment. This stage may include additional processes, such as thermal pre-treatment, which applies controlled heat to facilitate handling, or solvent washing to eliminate impurities. These preparatory steps enhance the efficiency of metal extraction in the subsequent stage.",[788],{"type":58,"attrs":789},{"color":60},{"type":342,"attrs":791,"content":792},{"level":344,"textAlign":23},[793],{"text":794,"type":55,"marks":795},"Black mass refining to produce battery materials",[796,798],{"type":58,"attrs":797},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":801,"content":802},{"textAlign":23},[803],{"text":804,"type":55,"marks":805},"Black mass refining is crucial for producing high-purity materials that meet specifications for battery production, enabling recycled metals to re-enter the battery supply chain as quality resources. Within the industry, battery recycling is achieved using three primary methods: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct recycling, each with unique processes, benefits, and challenges. For the vast majority of recycling companies, in the refining stage, the black mass undergoes chemical processing using solvents and acids to separate individual metals, otherwise known as hydrometallurgy. ",[806],{"type":58,"attrs":807},{"color":60},{"type":342,"attrs":809,"content":810},{"level":344,"textAlign":23},[811],{"text":812,"type":55,"marks":813},"Hydrometallurgy",[814,816],{"type":58,"attrs":815},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":819,"content":820},{"textAlign":23},[821,826,836,840,849,854,863],{"text":822,"type":55,"marks":823},"Hydrometallurgy relies on leaching agents, ranging from inorganic acids to biological solutions, to dissolve metals into a recoverable form; its recovery rate can reach up to 98% for ",[824],{"type":58,"attrs":825},{"color":60},{"text":827,"type":55,"marks":828},"copper,",[829,834],{"type":141,"attrs":830},{"href":831,"uuid":832,"anchor":23,"target":833,"linktype":73},"/copper/","af4eee8d-2cca-420a-aee9-70bdbfdc96ec","_self",{"type":58,"attrs":835},{"color":60},{"text":394,"type":55,"marks":837},[838],{"type":58,"attrs":839},{"color":60},{"text":841,"type":55,"marks":842},"nickel",[843,847],{"type":141,"attrs":844},{"href":845,"uuid":846,"anchor":23,"target":833,"linktype":73},"/nickel/","1a4272b9-43cc-47a5-aebb-6fa47cc9d7ac",{"type":58,"attrs":848},{"color":60},{"text":850,"type":55,"marks":851},", and ",[852],{"type":58,"attrs":853},{"color":60},{"text":855,"type":55,"marks":856},"lithium",[857,861],{"type":141,"attrs":858},{"href":859,"uuid":860,"anchor":23,"target":833,"linktype":73},"/lithium/","66f89af4-a0da-49d9-b0ff-d22703a4b721",{"type":58,"attrs":862},{"color":60},{"text":864,"type":55,"marks":865},". The battery recycling process begins with shredding or crushing batteries into smaller components, separating valuable substances into a \"black mass\" rich in critical metals like cobalt, nickel, and manganese. This black mass is further refined to produce high-purity, battery-grade materials capable of re-entering the supply chain, such as lithium carbonate or nickel sulphate. Hydrometallurgy has a lower carbon footprint and requires less energy than pyrometallurgy, making it a more environmentally friendly choice. However, its reliance on hazardous chemicals introduces challenges, including the release of volatile organic compounds and risks of wastewater contamination. Battery recycling companies employing this method often invest in wastewater treatment systems to mitigate these risks, although variability in battery chemistries and sizes still complicates large-scale adoption.",[866],{"type":58,"attrs":867},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":869},{"textAlign":23},{"type":342,"attrs":871,"content":872},{"level":344,"textAlign":23},[873],{"text":874,"type":55,"marks":875},"Pyrometallurgy",[876,878],{"type":58,"attrs":877},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":881,"content":882},{"textAlign":23},[883,889,896,901,909,914,922,927,934,939,947],{"text":884,"type":55,"marks":885},"Pyrometallurgy employs high temperatures to extract and purify metals from ",[886],{"type":58,"attrs":887},{"color":888},"#3C3C39",{"text":890,"type":55,"marks":891},"end-of-life batteries",[892,894,895],{"type":141,"attrs":893},{"href":630,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":352},{"type":147},{"text":897,"type":55,"marks":898},". It generally begins with thermal treatment at 140°C to 500°C to remove volatile substances such as electrolytes and solvents, followed by smelting at 1400°C to 1700°C, producing ",[899],{"type":58,"attrs":900},{"color":888},{"text":902,"type":55,"marks":903},"cobalt, copper, and nickel alloys",[904,907,908],{"type":141,"attrs":905},{"href":906,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/trafigura-signs-1-1-billion-offtake-agreement-with-nth-cycle-for-recycled-lithium-nickel",{"type":352},{"type":147},{"text":910,"type":55,"marks":911}," alongside a slag containing lithium and aluminium oxides. In some cases, companies recover lithium carbonate using carbon dioxide in the pyrometallurgical process, otherwise known as dry refining. While pyrometallurgy is efficient at processing mixed waste streams and operates with comparably simple steps and faster reaction times, it is adopted less nowadays as traditionally it demands substantial energy and can emit ",[912],{"type":58,"attrs":913},{"color":888},{"text":915,"type":55,"marks":916},"significant amounts of carbon dioxide and toxic gases",[917,920,921],{"type":141,"attrs":918},{"href":919,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/video/watch/panel-discussion-recycling-solutions-to-build-a-circular-battery-economy",{"type":352},{"type":147},{"text":923,"type":55,"marks":924},". Many pyrometallurgical recyclers do so by altering the traditional process to improve material recovery rates, lower the energy consumption and carbon footprint. Additionally, without the correct measures in place, this recycling process can result in the loss of some recoverable ",[925],{"type":58,"attrs":926},{"color":888},{"text":928,"type":55,"marks":929},"critical materials such as lithium",[930,932,933],{"type":141,"attrs":931},{"href":665,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":352},{"type":147},{"text":935,"type":55,"marks":936}," during combustion or smelting. Additionally, some companies employ a dual strategy using ",[937],{"type":58,"attrs":938},{"color":888},{"text":940,"type":55,"marks":941},"both pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy",[942,945,946],{"type":141,"attrs":943},{"href":944,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/what-is-the-state-of-direct-recycling-",{"type":352},{"type":147},{"text":948,"type":55,"marks":949}," to capitalise on the advantages of each battery recycling process.",[950],{"type":58,"attrs":951},{"color":888},{"type":342,"attrs":953,"content":954},{"level":344,"textAlign":23},[955],{"text":956,"type":55,"marks":957},"Direct recycling",[958,960],{"type":58,"attrs":959},{"color":60},{"type":352},{"type":340},{"type":50,"attrs":963,"content":964},{"textAlign":23},[965],{"text":966,"type":55,"marks":967},"Direct recycling is the most energy-efficient and environmentally benign method, focusing on preserving the functional structure of battery components. This battery recycling process involves physically disassembling batteries to recover key materials such as cathodes and anodes, with an emphasis on maintaining their integrity. Supplementing lithium-deficient cathodes or regenerating anodes enables their reuse in new batteries without significant degradation in performance. The process reduces energy consumption and downstream processing while yielding high-quality, impurity-free recycled battery materials. Despite its advantages, direct recycling remains technologically immature, with scalability hindered by labour-intensive procedures and the absence of a well-established commercial framework. Overcoming these limitations is essential to unlock its potential as a sustainable solution for battery recycling.",[968],{"type":58,"attrs":969},{"color":60},{"_uid":971,"content":972,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"06b86a4a-c9fc-4f23-ba3e-983b6fa41df5",[973],{"_uid":974,"content":975,"component":267},"fa6d26b9-e3a0-4ca8-aa8d-2cf42fc800a5",[976,980],{"_uid":977,"link":978,"content":979,"alignment":191,"component":99,"heading_tag":192,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":192},"a3bdaf31-dc9c-49cb-a9ad-3e4e6cd48e43",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"How is regulation and legislation shaping the industry?",{"_uid":981,"text":982,"alignment":191,"component":153,"paragraph_size":266},"878c161c-2054-4f23-9d43-65785d946056",{"type":47,"content":983},[984,992,1000,1016,1018,1053,1055,1063,1071,1079],{"type":50,"attrs":985,"content":986},{"textAlign":23},[987],{"text":988,"type":55,"marks":989},"In China, the battery recycling industry is extremely mature, and legislation has been key in shaping this. One crucial piece of legislation is the Chinese battery recycling whitelist, established by China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT). The Chinese whitelist details companies that are trusted due to their compliance with the MIIT’s strict expectations on these battery recycling companies in order to be included. Such criteria include lithium recovery rates, environmental standards, and utilisation rates that companies must adhere to in order to remain on the list. ",[990],{"type":58,"attrs":991},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":993,"content":994},{"textAlign":23},[995],{"text":996,"type":55,"marks":997},"The guidelines state that companies failing to meet the new requirements within a one-year adjustment period will be removed from the Whitelist. Despite having the most established battery recycling industry, there are also regulatory gaps in lithium ion battery recycling. Since 2018, China has classified black mass as hazardous waste, banning its import. This restriction has limited the potential volume of black mass available in the domestic battery recycling market. ",[998],{"type":58,"attrs":999},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1001,"content":1002},{"textAlign":23},[1003,1011],{"text":1004,"type":55,"marks":1005},"The government lifted black mass import restrictions",[1006,1008,1010],{"type":141,"attrs":1007},{"href":679,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},{"type":58,"attrs":1009},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":1012,"type":55,"marks":1013}," on 1 August 2025, recognising the need to secure critical battery raw materials, which has re-routed trade flows and fundamentally reshaped the global black mass recycling market. Despite this, the stringent impurity limits on imported black mass have initially been problematic: a large portion of batches were initially rejected, especially those that did not undergo preliminary screenings or had physical discrepancies, mainly from EOL battery black mass.",[1014],{"type":58,"attrs":1015},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1017},{"textAlign":23},{"type":50,"attrs":1019,"content":1020},{"textAlign":23},[1021,1026,1034,1039,1048],{"text":1022,"type":55,"marks":1023},"In Europe, legislation has been key to the initiating discussion on buildout of infrastructure for the battery recycling industry. The CRMA and ",[1024],{"type":58,"attrs":1025},{"color":60},{"text":1027,"type":55,"marks":1028},"the EU battery regulation",[1029,1031,1033],{"type":141,"attrs":1030},{"href":404,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},{"type":58,"attrs":1032},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":1035,"type":55,"marks":1036}," both impose stringent battery recycling and recovery targets on manufacturers. ",[1037],{"type":58,"attrs":1038},{"color":60},{"text":1040,"type":55,"marks":1041},"These measures include mandatory minimum levels of recycled content",[1042,1045,1047],{"type":141,"attrs":1043},{"href":1044,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/can-the-eu-meet-its-proposed-battery-metals-recycling-targets",{"type":58,"attrs":1046},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":1049,"type":55,"marks":1050}," in new batteries—6% for lithium and nickel, and 16% for cobalt by 2031, rising to 12% for lithium, 15% for nickel, and 26% for cobalt by 2036—and promote many conversations around transparency and traceability throughout the battery supply chain. Such regulations not only ensure responsibly sourced materials but also stimulate demand for recycled battery components, although sometimes lack of definition can leave ambiguity which means that battery materials still leak from the region.",[1051],{"type":58,"attrs":1052},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1054},{"textAlign":23},{"type":50,"attrs":1056,"content":1057},{"textAlign":23},[1058],{"text":1059,"type":55,"marks":1060},"The US currently has no federal legislation governing the life cycle of lithium ion batteries, though the need for recycling infrastructure is paramount. In May 2023, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a memorandum which classified that most lithium ion batteries are likely hazardous waste at the end of their life and should be managed under the universal waste regulations until they reach a recycling facility. The memorandum also states that “black mass is not a universal waste and is no longer a battery”, but “until the recycling process is complete, it would remain a solid waste” and would therefore fall under state and local solid waste regulations.",[1061],{"type":58,"attrs":1062},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1064,"content":1065},{"textAlign":23},[1066],{"text":1067,"type":55,"marks":1068}," This therefore means that black mass leakage from the US has been persistent. However, several states such as New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois have introduced laws providing guidelines for extended producer responsibility (EPR) including EV battery collection, transportation, reuse and battery recycling. Additionally, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy have been discussing an optional national EPR framework for all batteries since March 2024, addressing reporting requirements, product design, collection, transportation of collected materials. ",[1069],{"type":58,"attrs":1070},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1072,"content":1073},{"textAlign":23},[1074],{"text":1075,"type":55,"marks":1076}," ",[1077],{"type":58,"attrs":1078},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1080},{"textAlign":23},{"_uid":1082,"content":1083,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"8608033a-be40-466f-976c-9c7bd4c5c132",[1084],{"gap":1085,"_uid":1086,"columns":1087,"heading":12,"component":175,"column_sizes":1149,"reverse_on_responsive":30},"medium","904481e4-dda3-4fc4-8ccb-060b80a611f6",[1088,1098],{"_uid":1089,"content":1090,"component":163,"vertical_alignment":68},"ff509929-9b4c-4794-85bc-8fe66c756ea3",[1091],{"_uid":1092,"image":1093,"height":1097,"component":174,"fit_image":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"23445204-44c9-44f0-860d-22491f9e7ede",{"id":1094,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1095,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1096,"is_external_url":30},77708042151207,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/4ac6b4e83a/hero_cathode3.png",{},"339",{"_uid":1099,"content":1100,"component":163,"vertical_alignment":68},"5975a042-b8a3-4205-bbab-021e871d9471",[1101,1105],{"_uid":1102,"link":1103,"content":1104,"alignment":12,"component":99,"heading_tag":12,"left_border":15,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":192},"e463f563-a192-4b20-b8e4-760817a350e8",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":24,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"What are the main challenges?",{"_uid":1106,"text":1107,"component":153,"paragraph_size":154},"13db8690-f817-475d-bd60-b547a8c1990c",{"type":47,"content":1108},[1109,1117,1125,1147],{"type":50,"attrs":1110,"content":1111},{"textAlign":23},[1112],{"text":1113,"type":55,"marks":1114},"As the battery recycling industry evolves and matures, players are facing multiple challenges. A key issue battery recycling companies face is financing, as the industry remains in its nascency revenues remain low, meaning many players are making losses. ",[1115],{"type":58,"attrs":1116},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1118,"content":1119},{"textAlign":23},[1120],{"text":1121,"type":55,"marks":1122},"As these players work on developing battery recycling technology, expanding processing capacity, and forging partnerships, they remain heavily reliant on equity and debt financing. Although the battery recycling industry is projected to grow significantly through to 2040, several challenges must be addressed to realise this potential. End-of-life EV batteries are expected to become a major feedstock source in the medium-to-long-term, and securing feedstock is key to achieving profitability. ",[1123],{"type":58,"attrs":1124},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1126,"content":1127},{"textAlign":23},[1128,1133,1142],{"text":1129,"type":55,"marks":1130},"Currently, the industry relies predominantly on gigafactory and EOL portable scrap. While this supports battery recycling technology testing and development, it does not provide substantial revenue opportunities. Battery recycling companies must carefully manage their resources to avoid depleting their capital before they reach a stage where strong revenues can be realised. Additionally, fluctuations in raw material prices have a significant impact on battery recycling companies. ",[1131],{"type":58,"attrs":1132},{"color":60},{"text":1134,"type":55,"marks":1135},"When raw material prices fall, the income from selling black mass or refined battery materials decreases",[1136,1139,1141],{"type":141,"attrs":1137},{"href":1138,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/recyclers-feel-the-squeeze-recycling-2024-in-review",{"type":58,"attrs":1140},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":1143,"type":55,"marks":1144},", further eroding already tight profit margins.",[1145],{"type":58,"attrs":1146},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1148},{"textAlign":23},{"value":1150,"plugin":178},0.5,{"_uid":1152,"content":1153,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":179,"vertical_spacing":180},"dff70069-974a-4290-b023-c7bc4504092f",[1154],{"_uid":1155,"content":1156,"component":267},"da848889-d4aa-45b9-9ffd-a452593cfb1a",[1157,1161],{"_uid":1158,"link":1159,"content":1160,"alignment":191,"component":99,"heading_tag":192,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":192},"f8389583-7af9-4c1b-afde-85d49b5e75b8",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"The future of lithium ion battery recycling",{"_uid":1162,"text":1163,"alignment":191,"component":153,"paragraph_size":266},"be71227b-4866-442d-987c-a66f29b3d54c",{"type":47,"content":1164},[1165,1173,1195,1197,1205,1207],{"type":50,"attrs":1166,"content":1167},{"textAlign":23},[1168],{"text":1169,"type":55,"marks":1170},"The lithium ion battery recycling market is on the verge of significant growth, propelled by rising EV adoption, legislative mandates, and technological advancements in battery recycling processes. Currently, hydrometallurgy is the preferred battery recycling technology due to its efficiency in recovering a wide range of metals, while direct recycling presents promising potential for future innovations. The expansion of battery recycling capacity, particularly in China, Europe, and North America, is vital to meet the anticipated demand by 2030.",[1171],{"type":58,"attrs":1172},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1174,"content":1175},{"textAlign":23},[1176,1181,1190],{"text":1177,"type":55,"marks":1178},"As sustainability and resource security become increasingly important, lithium ion battery recycling will play a critical role in establishing a circular economy for essential materials. ",[1179],{"type":58,"attrs":1180},{"color":60},{"text":1182,"type":55,"marks":1183},"By 2040, the combined battery scrap pool is forecast to contain lithium in a quantity equivalent to at least 30 mines",[1184,1187,1189],{"type":141,"attrs":1185},{"href":1186,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/battery-recycling-pool-could-supplement-2040-lithium-supply-with-equivalent-to-30-mines",{"type":58,"attrs":1188},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":1191,"type":55,"marks":1192},", highlighting the immense potential of battery recycling to supplement primary lithium supply. With supportive legislation, increased funding, and ongoing technological advancements, lithium ion battery recycling is set to become a cornerstone of the global transition toward cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions.",[1193],{"type":58,"attrs":1194},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1196},{"textAlign":23},{"type":50,"attrs":1198,"content":1199},{"textAlign":23},[1200],{"text":1201,"type":55,"marks":1202},"To build the capacity required to recycle the forecasted battery scrap by 2040, over $150 billion is set to be required. The investment required for the recycling industry is driven by accelerating EV/ESS adoption and the expected scrap pool composition, regulatory mandates, and advances in hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and direct recycling technologies.",[1203],{"type":58,"attrs":1204},{"color":60},{"type":50,"attrs":1206},{"textAlign":23},{"type":50,"attrs":1208,"content":1209},{"textAlign":23},[1210,1218],{"text":1211,"type":55,"marks":1212},"Explore Benchmark's Battery Recycling & Black Mass intelligence",[1213,1215,1217],{"type":141,"attrs":1214},{"href":143,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},{"type":58,"attrs":1216},{"color":221},{"type":147},{"text":1219,"type":55,"marks":1220}," for comprehensive data, forecasts, and analytics on global battery recycling capacity, black mass pricing, and circular economy trends.",[1221],{"type":58,"attrs":1222},{"color":60},{"_uid":1224,"content":1225,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":84,"vertical_spacing":180},"22ef0e0f-3eea-47c0-bb7a-38de3f8d52e7",[1226],{"_uid":1227,"items":1228,"component":1285},"0058ea75-1f07-4372-a9bd-7abfd24a7243",[1229,1251,1269],{"_uid":1230,"cards":1231,"component":1250,"autoplay_interval":12},"8b283522-c8d9-4d91-b22d-638ab83751eb",[1232],{"_uid":1233,"logo":1234,"image":1236,"button":1240,"heading":1246,"category":1247,"component":1248,"description":1249,"image_position":68},"333672f9-97c3-4ba7-9ccd-56ee8904fcdb",{"id":23,"alt":23,"name":12,"focus":23,"title":23,"filename":23,"copyright":23,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1235,"is_external_url":30},{},{"id":1237,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1238,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1239,"is_external_url":30},116642683016232,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/300x200/1184d979e5/ev.jpeg",{},[1241],{"_uid":1242,"icon":12,"link":1243,"size":41,"label":1245,"theme":43,"component":44,"icon_position":12},"8a8e9fad-9288-4c36-8422-aafbd6b7a375",{"id":12,"url":1244,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":1244},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/global-ev-sales-remain-up-ytd-at-23-following-1-9-million-evs-sold-in-october-2025","Read more","Global EV Sales Remain Up 23% YTD Following Record October 2025","Source","DesignCarouselCardItem","13th November 2025 | 3 min read\nESS","DesignCarouselItem",{"_uid":1252,"cards":1253,"component":1250},"b923ec8b-d02d-4a3b-bca6-bfd6f5d1ff04",[1254],{"_uid":1255,"logo":1256,"image":1258,"button":1262,"heading":1267,"category":1247,"component":1248,"description":1268,"image_position":191},"3df668a7-d4a3-46da-b841-00948b2f4098",{"id":23,"alt":23,"name":12,"focus":23,"title":23,"source":23,"filename":12,"copyright":23,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1257},{},{"id":1259,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1260,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1261,"is_external_url":30},116642388792331,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/700x400/fde0bd11dc/automaker.jpeg",{},[1263],{"_uid":1264,"link":1265,"size":41,"label":1245,"theme":43,"component":44},"96542e10-bcf9-4bda-8fb0-6bcf5b02e362",{"id":12,"url":1266,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":1266},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/china-eyes-private-sector-to-meet-rising-demand-for-charging-stations","China Eyes Private Sector to Meet Rising Demand for Charging Stations","17th October 2018 | 6 min read\nBatteries, Critical Minerals",{"_uid":1270,"cards":1271,"component":1250},"54478d58-be5f-4e9e-b033-f92e08a1622d",[1272],{"_uid":1273,"logo":1274,"image":1276,"button":1278,"heading":1283,"category":1247,"component":1248,"description":1284},"b4d2696b-031a-471b-af85-009f15219bcd",{"id":23,"alt":23,"name":12,"focus":23,"title":23,"filename":23,"copyright":23,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1275,"is_external_url":30},{},{"id":170,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":171,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1277,"is_external_url":30},{},[1279],{"_uid":1280,"link":1281,"size":41,"label":1245,"theme":43,"component":44},"e4134a78-1d06-4ac1-bbb6-2e19f55e2a67",{"id":12,"url":1282,"linktype":39,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":1282},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/battery-capacity-to-increase-4-fold-by-2030-amid-qualification-challenge-outside-asia","Battery Capacity to Increase 4-Fold by 2030 Amid Global Gigafactory Expansion","21st September 2023 | 2 min read\nBatteries, Gigafactories","BlocksCardsSlider",{"_uid":1287,"content":1288,"anchor_id":12,"component":82,"container_width":83,"background_color":84,"vertical_spacing":180},"9bacf9bb-1104-4345-ae34-a651e9f4a888",[1289],{"_uid":1290,"link":1291,"heading":1299,"component":1300,"faq_items":1301,"description":1474},"d930698a-712b-4a29-9b61-abf556c9b068",[1292],{"_uid":1293,"link":1294,"label":1297,"component":1298},"eb65a662-63d2-4a31-9fe8-3dcd814d5e17",{"id":1295,"url":12,"linktype":73,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":1296},"4891e495-7c26-4b9b-8799-b82ef95977d3","homepage","Contact Us","DesignButtonLink","General FAQs","BlocksFAQ",[1302,1325,1347,1384,1421],{"_uid":1303,"answer":1304,"opened":15,"question":1323,"component":1324,"existing_faq":12},"916cbe9c-1176-490e-bae7-e77698cee9b6",{"type":47,"content":1305},[1306,1315],{"type":50,"attrs":1307,"content":1308},{"textAlign":23},[1309],{"text":1310,"type":55,"marks":1311},"Lithium ion batteries are recycled through a multi-stage battery recycling process that begins with collection of end-of-life batteries from EVs, consumer electronics, and industrial applications. The batteries are then discharged and dismantled to separate battery packs into individual cells. These cells are mechanically or chemically broken down to produce \"black mass,\" a mixture containing valuable metals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese.",[1312],{"type":58,"attrs":1313},{"color":1314},"#23252C",{"type":50,"attrs":1316,"content":1317},{"textAlign":23},[1318],{"text":1319,"type":55,"marks":1320},"The black mass undergoes further processing using one of three primary battery recycling technologies: hydrometallurgy (chemical dissolution using acids, achieving up to 98% recovery rates), pyrometallurgy (high-temperature smelting at 1400-1700°C), or direct recycling (preserving cathode structures for direct reuse). These processes separate and purify the metals into battery-grade materials like lithium carbonate or nickel sulphate, which can be reintegrated into new battery production, supporting a circular economy in the battery supply chain.",[1321],{"type":58,"attrs":1322},{"color":1314},"How are lithium ion batteries recycled?","DesignFAQItem",{"_uid":1326,"answer":1327,"opened":30,"question":1346,"component":1324,"existing_faq":12},"1f04402c-90e6-4535-9860-b486800fbc45",{"type":47,"content":1328},[1329,1334,1339,1344],{"type":50,"attrs":1330,"content":1331},{"textAlign":23},[1332],{"text":1333,"type":55},"Legislation has become a primary driver shaping the battery recycling industry globally, though regional approaches vary significantly. In Europe, the EU Battery Regulation and Critical Raw Materials Act impose stringent targets that mandate new batteries containing minimum recycled metal content —6% for lithium and nickel, and 16% for cobalt by 2031, increasing to 12%, 15%, and 26% respectively by 2036.",{"type":50,"attrs":1335,"content":1336},{"textAlign":23},[1337],{"text":1338,"type":55},"These regulations also require battery recycling companies to achieve 80% lithium recovery and 95% cobalt/nickel recovery rates by 2031, driving substantial investment in hydrometallurgy and direct recycling technologies. In contrast, the United States lacks comprehensive federal battery legislation, though several states have introduced Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) laws covering EV battery collection and battery recycling.",{"type":50,"attrs":1340,"content":1341},{"textAlign":23},[1342],{"text":1343,"type":55},"The Inflation Reduction Act has provided significant funding for battery recycling infrastructure, though future support faces political uncertainty. China recently made a pivotal regulatory shift by lifting its black mass import ban in August 2025, fundamentally reshaping global black mass recycling trade flows. The country also maintains a \"whitelist\" system for approved battery recycling companies, with 2024 revisions introducing more stringent requirements for lithium recovery rates and environmental standards. Overall, legislation is accelerating battery recycling capacity development, stimulating demand for recycled battery materials, and establishing the regulatory framework necessary for a circular economy in the battery supply chain.",{"type":50,"attrs":1345},{"textAlign":23},"How does legislation impact the battery recycling industry?",{"_uid":1348,"answer":1349,"opened":30,"question":1383,"component":1324},"16a50370-9586-4021-bf13-a489ce80037e",{"type":47,"content":1350},[1351,1359,1367,1375],{"type":50,"attrs":1352,"content":1353},{"textAlign":23},[1354],{"text":1355,"type":55,"marks":1356},"Hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are the two dominant battery recycling technologies, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Pyrometallurgy uses high-temperature smelting (1400-1700°C) to thermally process end-of-life batteries, burning off organic materials and creating metal alloys primarily containing cobalt, copper, and nickel, while lithium is typically lost to slag. ",[1357],{"type":58,"attrs":1358},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1360,"content":1361},{"textAlign":23},[1362],{"text":1363,"type":55,"marks":1364},"This battery recycling process is simple, fast, and can handle mixed battery waste streams without extensive sorting, but it can be highly energy-intensive, and generate significant CO2 emissions (361 tons per kg/t of cobalt), and has traditionally shown lower recovery rates for valuable materials like lithium, although companies have tailored conditions to reduce these effects. In contrast, hydrometallurgy uses chemical leaching with acids or biological solutions to selectively dissolve metals from black mass, achieving recovery rates up to 98% for lithium, nickel, and cobalt. ",[1365],{"type":58,"attrs":1366},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1368,"content":1369},{"textAlign":23},[1370],{"text":1371,"type":55,"marks":1372},"This battery recycling method requires less energy, produces minimal air emissions, and can recover a broader range of materials with higher purity suitable for direct reuse in battery production. However, hydrometallurgy generates hazardous wastewater requiring treatment, uses corrosive chemicals, and struggles with variability across different battery chemistries. Many battery recycling companies now employ hybrid approaches combining both technologies to optimize metal recovery while managing environmental impacts. ",[1373],{"type":58,"attrs":1374},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1376,"content":1377},{"textAlign":23},[1378],{"text":1379,"type":55,"marks":1380},"Hydrometallurgy is increasingly preferred by newer European and North American recyclers, while pyrometallurgy remains common in established Asian facilities, though even these are being upgraded to improve lithium recovery and reduce carbon footprints.",[1381],{"type":58,"attrs":1382},{"color":1314},"What is black mass in battery recycling?",{"_uid":1385,"answer":1386,"opened":30,"question":1420,"component":1324},"88628708-2c46-488e-adfb-e98611e614ae",{"type":47,"content":1387},[1388,1396,1404,1412],{"type":50,"attrs":1389,"content":1390},{"textAlign":23},[1391],{"text":1392,"type":55,"marks":1393},"Direct recycling is an emerging battery recycling technology that aims to preserve and regenerate the functional structure of battery cathode and anode materials rather than breaking them down into their elemental components. Unlike hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, which dissolve or smelt batteries to extract raw metals, direct recycling physically separates and refurbishes active cathode materials, supplementing lithium-deficient components or regenerating anode materials to restore their electrochemical performance.",[1394],{"type":58,"attrs":1395},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1397,"content":1398},{"textAlign":23},[1399],{"text":1400,"type":55,"marks":1401},"This battery recycling process offers several compelling advantages: it reduces energy consumption by up to 70% compared to conventional methods, produces virtually no wastewater or air emissions, maintains the high-value cathode structure rather than reducing it to commodity metals, and enables recycled battery materials to achieve performance comparable to virgin materials.",[1402],{"type":58,"attrs":1403},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1405,"content":1406},{"textAlign":23},[1407],{"text":1408,"type":55,"marks":1409},"These benefits make direct recycling the most environmentally benign and economically attractive battery recycling technology in theory. However, direct recycling remains technologically immature and commercially unproven at scale. The process is highly labour-intensive, requires careful sorting of battery chemistries since each cathode type (NCM, NCA, LFP) needs different regeneration approaches, lacks established industrial infrastructure, and struggles with the variation in degradation states of end-of-life batteries.",[1410],{"type":58,"attrs":1411},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1413,"content":1414},{"textAlign":23},[1415],{"text":1416,"type":55,"marks":1417},"Despite these challenges, direct recycling represents the future direction of lithium-ion battery recycling, with potential to achieve near-perfect circular economy loops where cathode materials cycle continuously through battery production and battery recycling with minimal energy input or material losses. Leading battery recycling companies and research institutions are investing heavily in scaling direct recycling technology, though widespread commercial adoption is unlikely before 2030.",[1418],{"type":58,"attrs":1419},{"color":1314},"What is direct recycling and why is it important?",{"_uid":1422,"answer":1423,"opened":30,"question":1473,"component":1324},"4f8b1c79-bb35-4539-a039-39d9f9cc324c",{"type":47,"content":1424},[1425,1433,1441,1449,1457,1465],{"type":50,"attrs":1426,"content":1427},{"textAlign":23},[1428],{"text":1429,"type":55,"marks":1430},"Electric vehicle batteries follow multiple pathways when they reach end of life, depending on their remaining capacity and regional infrastructure. First, EV batteries are typically considered at \"end of life\" for automotive use when they retain only 70-80% of their original capacity, which can occur after 150,000-200,000 kilometers or up to 17 years of driving, although with technical advancement battery lifetimes are thought to last even longer. ",[1431],{"type":58,"attrs":1432},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1434,"content":1435},{"textAlign":23},[1436],{"text":1437,"type":55,"marks":1438},"At the end of these EV batteries’ first life, they can be refurbished to be used in second-life applications, where they are repurposed for less demanding uses like stationary energy storage systems, grid stabilization, or renewable energy integration. The second life battery market is growing rapidly, with studies suggesting 75% of spent EV batteries could be absorbed into grid storage applications, delaying their entry into battery recycling by another 5-10 years.",[1439],{"type":58,"attrs":1440},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1442,"content":1443},{"textAlign":23},[1444],{"text":1445,"type":55,"marks":1446},"This extends the useful life of battery materials while generating additional economic value. When batteries finally reach true end of life—either from EV retirement or second-life application failure—they can enter the battery recycling process. Collection systems vary by region: Europe has established Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) frameworks requiring automakers to take back end-of-life batteries, while the US relies more on voluntary programs and state-level legislation.",[1447],{"type":58,"attrs":1448},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1450,"content":1451},{"textAlign":23},[1452],{"text":1453,"type":55,"marks":1454},"China requires EV manufacturers to establish collection networks. Once collected, end-of-life batteries are transported to battery recycling facilities where they undergo dismantling, assessment, and processing. Battery packs are disassembled to extract individual cells, which are then shredded to produce black mass for further refining.",[1455],{"type":58,"attrs":1456},{"color":1314},{"type":50,"attrs":1458,"content":1459},{"textAlign":23},[1460],{"text":1461,"type":55,"marks":1462},"The challenge for battery recycling companies is that the wave of end-of-life EV batteries from early 2010s EVs is only beginning, with significant volumes not expected until post-2030. 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