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",{"text":427,"type":110,"marks":428},"It varies quite by motor design, but typical ranges for a",[429],{"type":142,"attrs":430},{"color":144},{"text":432,"type":110}," traction motor typically contains between 1 - 2kg of ",{"text":434,"type":110,"marks":435},"neodymium praseodymium (NdPr) alloy",[436,438,439],{"type":136,"attrs":437},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":441,"type":110}," and 50–200g of ",{"text":175,"type":110,"marks":443},[444,446,447],{"type":136,"attrs":445},{"href":179,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":449,"type":110}," to improve heat resistance. ",{"type":50,"attrs":451,"content":452},{"textAlign":85},[453,455,462],{"text":454,"type":110},"As global EV production rises towards 40m units per year by 2030, demand for ",{"text":456,"type":110,"marks":457},"neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets",[458,460,461],{"type":136,"attrs":459},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":463,"type":110}," is expected to double. The efficiency, power density, and reliability of permanent magnet motors make them the preferred architecture for most automakers worldwide. ",{"type":50,"attrs":465,"content":466},{"textAlign":85},[467,469,474],{"text":468,"type":110},"Wind turbines ",{"text":470,"type":110,"marks":471},"are a major source of demand as well",[472],{"type":142,"attrs":473},{"color":144},{"text":475,"type":110},". 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Continued growth in offshore capacity across Europe, China, and other regions will significantly increase REE consumption over the next decade.",{"type":404,"attrs":477,"content":478},{"level":406,"textAlign":23},[479],{"text":480,"type":110,"marks":481},"What other end-use sectors are driving rare earth demand?",[482],{"type":142,"attrs":483},{"color":144},{"type":50,"attrs":485,"content":486},{"textAlign":23},[487,489,497],{"text":488,"type":110},"In consumer electronics, miniature ",{"text":490,"type":110,"marks":491},"NdFeB magnets",[492,495,496],{"type":136,"attrs":493},{"href":494,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/rare-earth-prices-rise-for-the-first-time-in-2024-as-sentiment-runs-ahead-of-fundamentals",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":498,"type":110}," drive speakers, vibration motors, and sensors in smartphones, laptops, headphones, and household devices. Although volume demand is large, the magnet content per unit is small, and market growth has largely plateaued.",{"type":50,"attrs":500,"content":501},{"textAlign":23},[502],{"text":503,"type":110,"marks":504},"Defence is also increasingly important relatively small in volume, but critical in terms of performance requirements and supply security, particularly for high-spec magnet materials. They enable advanced systems such as missile guidance, radar modules, and jet-engine components.",[505],{"type":142,"attrs":506},{"color":144},{"type":50,"attrs":508,"content":509},{"textAlign":23},[510],{"text":511,"type":110,"marks":512},"And beyond that, we are seeing emerging demand from automation and robotics, including humanoid systems. The US is likely to play a key role here, with companies like Tesla pushing early deployment, although scale-up will take time. Over the longer term, this could become a multi-million unit market, adding a new layer of magnet demand.",[513],{"type":142,"attrs":514},{"color":144},{"type":50,"attrs":516,"content":517},{"textAlign":23},[518],{"text":519,"type":110},"Outside magnet applications, REE continue to serve several industrial and niche uses. Lanthanum and cerium are key inputs for fluid catalytic cracking catalysts used in oil refining  a mature and stable market while cerium oxide remains vital for glass polishing and ceramics. ",{"type":50,"attrs":521,"content":522},{"textAlign":23},[523],{"text":524,"type":110},"By 2030, permanent magnets are projected to account for more than 95% of total NdPr demand and nearly 90% of dysprosium and terbium consumption, cementing their role as the central engine of the global rare earth economy.",{"_uid":526,"buttons":527,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":205},"ef24a2d0-bfa6-4d83-a033-7ac66ad1fd7d",[528],{"_uid":529,"link":530,"size":41,"label":204,"theme":43,"component":44},"cb091789-489e-431c-9daa-dbde6f88e2ba",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":532,"content":533,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":208,"background_color":73,"vertical_spacing":207},"5dda7843-7ff4-41e7-9202-28c99d3a038b",[534],{"_uid":535,"content":536,"component":206},"0d9727e4-c367-4336-ab4e-112a06454587",[537,541,555,723],{"_uid":538,"link":539,"content":540,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":91,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":277},"97223b07-5e3c-414f-8cb1-52e889ef713e",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Rare earths supply chain: from mine to magnet",{"_uid":542,"height":98,"images":543,"component":554},"78357319-f6ab-481b-872e-ee260d2ed0e6",[544,548,552],{"id":545,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":546,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":547},91522441991527,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/1c52b7c277/data-blue.png",{},{"id":549,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":550,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":551},163708977327444,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/5376x3072/7696ac2b7e/adobestock_1945590804.jpeg",{},{"id":95,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":96,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":553},{},"ContentImagesGrid",{"_uid":556,"text":557,"alignment":85,"component":196,"paragraph_size":197},"fe412fd8-38bb-4642-8ff1-879f8a654030",{"type":47,"content":558},[559,567,576,591,616,625,630,649,657,677,682,715],{"type":50,"attrs":560,"content":561},{"textAlign":85},[562],{"text":563,"type":110,"marks":564},"The rare earth supply chain is one of the most concentrated and opaque among all critical materials, dominated by China at nearly every stage, from mining and refining to magnet production.",[565],{"type":142,"attrs":566},{"color":12},{"type":404,"attrs":568,"content":569},{"level":406,"textAlign":23},[570],{"text":571,"type":110,"marks":572},"Global mining supply and China’s dominance at the source",[573,575],{"type":142,"attrs":574},{"color":12},{"type":240},{"type":50,"attrs":577,"content":578},{"textAlign":85},[579,581,589],{"text":580,"type":110},"China accounts for ",{"text":582,"type":110,"marks":583},"~70% of global rare earth ore output",[584,587,588],{"type":136,"attrs":585},{"href":586,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-the-last-30-years-of-rare-earths-mining",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":590,"type":110},", sourced primarily from two key deposits: ",{"type":117,"content":592},[593,600],{"type":120,"content":594},[595],{"type":50,"attrs":596,"content":597},{"textAlign":85},[598],{"text":599,"type":110},"The Baiyun mine in Inner Mongolia  the world's largest and most diverse rare earth deposit.  ",{"type":120,"content":601},[602],{"type":50,"attrs":603,"content":604},{"textAlign":85},[605,607,614],{"text":606,"type":110},"A cluster of ion adsorption clay deposits in southern China that yield valuable ",{"text":608,"type":110,"marks":609},"heavy rare earth elements (HREE)",[610,612,613],{"type":136,"attrs":611},{"href":138,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":615,"type":110},". ",{"type":50,"attrs":617,"content":618},{"textAlign":85},[619],{"text":620,"type":110,"marks":621},"Outside China, notable production occurs in Australia, the United States and Myanmar. Australia’s Lynas Rare Earths operates the high-grade Mount Weld mine, while MP Materials runs the Mountain Pass mine in California, the only significant US source of rare earths. Myanmar contributes intermittent, largely unregulated HREE supply that remains contentious and environmentally damaging.",[622],{"type":142,"attrs":623},{"color":624},"oklch(0.21 0.034 264.665)",{"type":404,"attrs":626,"content":627},{"level":406,"textAlign":23},[628],{"text":629,"type":110},"Separation challenges and China’s near-total control",{"type":50,"attrs":631,"content":632},{"textAlign":85},[633,638,640,648],{"text":634,"type":110,"marks":635},"Although mining marks the start of the supply chain, the primary bottleneck lies in separation and refining, where China’s control is near total",[636],{"type":142,"attrs":637},{"color":624},{"text":639,"type":110},". After extraction, ores are crushed, leached, and chemically processed to separate the 17 rare earth elements into their individual oxides an acid and solvent-intensive process that produces substantial hazardous and ",{"text":641,"type":110,"marks":642},"radioactive waste",[643,646,647],{"type":136,"attrs":644},{"href":645,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/why-western-rare-earths-producers-must-act-on-radioactive-waste",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":615,"type":110},{"type":50,"attrs":650,"content":651},{"textAlign":85},[652],{"text":653,"type":110,"marks":654},"China processes more than 85% of global rare earth output. Lynas ships Australian concentrate to Malaysia for refining, while MP Materials has started processing material at its separation plant , which will be further used in its upcoming magnet manufacturing facility in Texas. ",[655],{"type":142,"attrs":656},{"color":144},{"type":50,"attrs":658,"content":659},{"textAlign":85},[660,665,667,675],{"text":661,"type":110,"marks":662},"Progress outside China remains slow, as separation is the most technologically demanding and environmentally challenging stage of the chain, although progress has accelerated following the ",[663],{"type":142,"attrs":664},{"color":144},{"text":666,"type":110}," ",{"text":668,"type":110,"marks":669},"introduction of trade restrictions by China in 2025",[670,673,674],{"type":136,"attrs":671},{"href":672,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/china-tightens-rare-earths-export-controls-ahead-of-us-trade-talks",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":676,"type":110},".",{"type":404,"attrs":678,"content":679},{"level":406,"textAlign":85},[680],{"text":681,"type":110},"Magnet production as the final, high-value stage",{"type":50,"attrs":683,"content":684},{"textAlign":85},[685,690,697,699,704,706,714],{"text":686,"type":110,"marks":687},"Magnet manufacturing represents the final and most value-added step. ",[688],{"type":142,"attrs":689},{"color":624},{"text":691,"type":110,"marks":692},"Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets",[693,695,696],{"type":136,"attrs":694},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":698,"type":110}," are made by combining rare earth alloys with iron and boron through precision sintering or bonding. ",{"text":700,"type":110,"marks":701},"China produces approximately 94% of the world’s permanent magnets, despite mining only around 70% of the ore, reflecting its vertical",[702],{"type":142,"attrs":703},{"color":624},{"text":705,"type":110}," integration and metallurgical capacity. Capacity outside China remains limited, producers such as Vacuumschmelze in Germany and Shin-Etsu in Japan serve niche markets, while capacity in the US is small but ",{"text":707,"type":110,"marks":708},"expected to grow",[709,712,713],{"type":136,"attrs":710},{"href":711,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/north-american-rare-earth-metals-projects-pave-way-for-magnet-manufacturing",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":676,"type":110},{"type":50,"attrs":716,"content":717},{"textAlign":85},[718],{"text":719,"type":110,"marks":720},"Western automakers, turbine and defence manufacturers are heavily reliant on Chinese supply, the rare earth magnet chain remains strategically critical and highly exposed to geopolitical risk.",[721],{"type":142,"attrs":722},{"color":144},{"_uid":724,"buttons":725,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":205},"7fe511c4-3be8-4646-a94d-8b16015f697e",[726],{"_uid":727,"link":728,"size":41,"label":204,"theme":43,"component":44},"ecadbb7b-c7c2-4ac4-a77f-2680613669a0",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":730,"content":731,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":207,"bottom_spacing":74,"container_width":208,"background_color":266,"vertical_spacing":207},"af49421a-40f2-4374-bf63-2ebc9c34cb51",[732],{"_uid":733,"content":734,"component":206},"1676f213-893a-479a-a4c3-9b155c9ec6f9",[735,739,745,977],{"_uid":736,"link":737,"content":738,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":91,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":277},"e9da6956-6011-469a-aba6-2aa676b81c61",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Rare earth prices: market dynamics",{"_uid":740,"image":741,"height":98,"caption":12,"quality":99,"component":100,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"4532d0b8-7ac4-440c-831f-94b0d370a026",{"id":742,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":743,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":744,"is_external_url":30},163710801596702,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/5460x3072/0268bf52fd/adobestock_1861248159.jpeg",{},{"_uid":746,"text":747,"alignment":85,"component":196,"paragraph_size":197},"e99cfc7b-537b-460a-8524-051bb4b3d0c3",{"type":47,"content":748},[749,771,810,819,851,874,876,881,886,933,938,962],{"type":50,"attrs":750,"content":751},{"textAlign":23},[752,760,762,769],{"text":753,"type":110,"marks":754},"Rare earth prices",[755,758,759],{"type":136,"attrs":756},{"href":757,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/rare-earths-enter-new-era-of-price-volatility",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":761,"type":110}," are characterised by high volatility and strong sensitivity to ",{"text":763,"type":110,"marks":764},"Chinese policy decisions",[765,767,768],{"type":136,"attrs":766},{"href":672,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":770,"type":110},". Because China dominates refining and controls most global exports, its domestic production, trading activity, and regulatory environment effectively determine international pricing. ",{"type":50,"attrs":772,"content":773},{"textAlign":23},[774,782,784,791,793,800,801,808],{"text":775,"type":110,"marks":776},"Benchmark publishes weekly assessments",[777,780,781],{"type":136,"attrs":778},{"href":779,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/benchmark-to-increase-frequency-and-to-update-specifications-in-its-rare-earths-price-assessments",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":783,"type":110}," for key compounds such as ",{"text":785,"type":110,"marks":786},"praseodymium neodymium (NdPr) oxide",[787,789,790],{"type":136,"attrs":788},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":792,"type":110},", ",{"text":794,"type":110,"marks":795},"dysprosium oxide",[796,798,799],{"type":136,"attrs":797},{"href":295,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":792,"type":110},{"text":802,"type":110,"marks":803},"terbium oxide",[804,806,807],{"type":136,"attrs":805},{"href":165,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":809,"type":110},", and samarium oxide, typically quoted on an DDP China basis – reflecting China's role as the global price-setting hub.",{"type":404,"attrs":811,"content":812},{"level":406,"textAlign":23},[813],{"text":814,"type":110,"marks":815},"How have rare earth prices evolved in recent years?",[816,818],{"type":142,"attrs":817},{"color":12},{"type":240},{"type":50,"attrs":820,"content":821},{"textAlign":85},[822,824,831,833,841,843,850],{"text":823,"type":110},"After the steep surge of 2021–2022, driven by pandemic-related supply constraints and expanded ",{"text":825,"type":110,"marks":826},"electric vehicle (EV)",[827,829,830],{"type":136,"attrs":828},{"href":259,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":832,"type":110}," output, rare earth prices corrected sharply through 2023–2024. Oversupply resulting from ",{"text":834,"type":110,"marks":835},"rapid Chinese production growth",[836,839,840],{"type":136,"attrs":837},{"href":838,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/low-prices-persist-despite-chinas-incentive-led-demand-boost-rare-earth-2024-in-review",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":842,"type":110}," coincided with weaker European EV demand and a broader economic slowdown, pushing ",{"text":844,"type":110,"marks":845},"NdPr oxide values to multi-year lows",[846,848,849],{"type":136,"attrs":847},{"href":138,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":615,"type":110},{"type":50,"attrs":852,"content":853},{"textAlign":85},[854,856,863,865,872],{"text":855,"type":110},"Prices subsequently rallied in 2025 following the ",{"text":857,"type":110,"marks":858},"introduction of Chinese export restrictions",[859,861,862],{"type":136,"attrs":860},{"href":672,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":864,"type":110}," and ",{"text":866,"type":110,"marks":867},"ex-China premiums",[868,870,871],{"type":136,"attrs":869},{"href":179,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":873,"type":110}," have emerged. The market remains fluid, with short-term sentiment often shifting in response to Chinese policy announcements or downstream industrial data.",{"type":50,"attrs":875},{"textAlign":23},{"type":404,"attrs":877,"content":878},{"level":406,"textAlign":85},[879],{"text":880,"type":110},"What drives rare earth price movements?",{"type":50,"attrs":882,"content":883},{"textAlign":85},[884],{"text":885,"type":110},"Several key factors continue to shape price movements: ",{"type":117,"content":887},[888,901,926],{"type":120,"content":889},[890],{"type":50,"attrs":891,"content":892},{"textAlign":85},[893,894,899],{"text":666,"type":110},{"text":895,"type":110,"marks":896},"Chinese production quotas",[897],{"type":142,"attrs":898},{"color":624},{"text":900,"type":110},",  which regulate both mining and separation volumes, are the primary mechanism for supply control. Any tightening or relaxation of these quotas can move prices quickly. ",{"type":120,"content":902},[903],{"type":50,"attrs":904,"content":905},{"textAlign":85},[906,908,915,917,924],{"text":907,"type":110},"Downstream ",{"text":909,"type":110,"marks":910},"magnet demand",[911,913,914],{"type":136,"attrs":912},{"href":494,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":916,"type":110}," is equally influential: robust ",{"text":918,"type":110,"marks":919},"EV",[920,922,923],{"type":136,"attrs":921},{"href":259,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":925,"type":110}," and wind turbines manufacturing  supports pricing, while weaker automotive or electronics sales create downward pressure. ",{"type":120,"content":927},[928],{"type":50,"attrs":929,"content":930},{"textAlign":85},[931],{"text":932,"type":110},"Inventory levels also play a decisive but opaque role; significant volumes are held in China by state stockpiles and major traders, which may be released strategically to influence prices or commercial negotiations.",{"type":404,"attrs":934,"content":935},{"level":406,"textAlign":85},[936],{"text":937,"type":110},"How do geopolitics impact rare earth prices?",{"type":50,"attrs":939,"content":940},{"textAlign":85},[941,943,950,952,960],{"text":942,"type":110},"Geopolitical tensions add an additional layer of volatility. ",{"text":944,"type":110,"marks":945},"Export restrictions",[946,948,949],{"type":136,"attrs":947},{"href":672,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":951,"type":110},", tariffs, or trade measures in the US, Europe, or Japan can prompt sudden price increases as buyers hedge against supply disruption. In 2025, for instance, China tightened export controls on selected ",{"text":953,"type":110,"marks":954},"heavy rare earth products",[955,958,959],{"type":136,"attrs":956},{"href":957,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/china-tightens-rare-earth-exports-amid-escalating-trade-tensions-with-us",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":961,"type":110}," ahead of US trade negotiations, lifting short-term market sentiment. ",{"type":50,"attrs":963,"content":964},{"textAlign":85},[965,967,975],{"text":966,"type":110},"Such developments highlight the sector's structural vulnerability: despite efforts to ",{"text":968,"type":110,"marks":969},"diversify supply",[970,973,974],{"type":136,"attrs":971},{"href":972,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/geopolitics-to-drive-rare-earth-supply-diversification",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":976,"type":110},", rare earth pricing remains closely tied to Chinese policy dynamics, industrial demand trends, and international diplomacy.",{"_uid":978,"buttons":979,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":205},"8b8a9bc1-3061-4888-b2a6-829af1323ccc",[980],{"_uid":981,"link":982,"size":41,"label":204,"theme":43,"component":44},"eb370ab1-ebaf-4948-8ec0-bb905255016b",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":984,"content":985,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":208,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":208,"background_color":266,"vertical_spacing":207},"e9185b10-fa80-40b0-b8f3-75dc8dd2e1f7",[986],{"_uid":987,"content":988,"component":206},"96cae0e2-b1c3-47df-a507-298bd7bfeb02",[989,993,1000,1152],{"_uid":990,"link":991,"content":992,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":91,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":277},"85cb777e-ca0c-4eb9-b867-35dcd723bc43",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Rare earths market outlook",{"_uid":994,"image":995,"height":98,"caption":12,"quality":999,"component":100,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"b2944424-8435-40d8-84f9-7eb3b162823f",{"id":996,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":997,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":998,"is_external_url":30},133649743186768,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/4096x2572/197545ec01/additional-markets.jpg",{},"90",{"_uid":1001,"text":1002,"alignment":85,"component":196,"paragraph_size":197},"c33bd44f-7e85-4701-a739-401393d4afe3",{"type":47,"content":1003},[1004,1018,1038,1043,1048,1063,1082,1106,1111,1124,1133,1145,1150],{"type":50,"attrs":1005,"content":1006},{"textAlign":85},[1007,1009,1016],{"text":1008,"type":110},"Global demand for rare earth elements (REE) is entering a sustained growth phase, driven primarily by ",{"text":1010,"type":110,"marks":1011},"permanent magnet applications",[1012,1014,1015],{"type":136,"attrs":1013},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1017,"type":110}," within the energy transition economy. ",{"type":50,"attrs":1019,"content":1020},{"textAlign":85},[1021,1023,1032,1033],{"text":1022,"type":110},"Total consumption is projected to rise from ~190,000t of rare earth oxide equivalent in 2025 to almost 270,000t by 2035, with ",{"text":1024,"type":110,"marks":1025},"electric vehicles (EVs)",[1026,1030,1031],{"type":136,"attrs":1027},{"href":1028,"uuid":1029,"anchor":23,"target":139,"linktype":38},"/ev-and-battery","c9988c42-7bd4-4cd3-ac87-fca6b4522d60",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":864,"type":110},{"text":1034,"type":110,"marks":1035},"robotics accounting for the majority of growth.",[1036],{"type":142,"attrs":1037},{"color":624},{"type":50,"attrs":1039,"content":1040},{"textAlign":85},[1041],{"text":1042,"type":110},"Demand for permanent magnets particularly those containing neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium will continue to dominate market dynamics as electrification expands worldwide.",{"type":404,"attrs":1044,"content":1045},{"level":406,"textAlign":85},[1046],{"text":1047,"type":110},"Can future supply keep up with growing demand?",{"type":50,"attrs":1049,"content":1050},{"textAlign":85},[1051,1053,1061],{"text":1052,"type":110},"Future supply remains less certain. While China retains the capacity to meet rising global demand, geopolitical and trade risks are intensifying. In response, ",{"text":1054,"type":110,"marks":1055},"Western governments are investing heavily",[1056,1059,1060],{"type":136,"attrs":1057},{"href":1058,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/australia-leads-upstream-rare-earth-financing-efforts",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1062,"type":110}," to develop alternative supply chains. ",{"type":50,"attrs":1064,"content":1065},{"textAlign":85},[1066,1071,1073,1080],{"text":1067,"type":110,"marks":1068},"The US and other Western governments are introducing funding and policy incentives to support domestic mining",[1069],{"type":142,"attrs":1070},{"color":624},{"text":1072,"type":110},", separation, and magnet production. However, establishing a ",{"text":1074,"type":110,"marks":1075},"non‑Chinese rare earth value chain",[1076,1078,1079],{"type":136,"attrs":1077},{"href":972,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1081,"type":110}," requires all stages  from extraction and chemical separation to magnet fabrication and motor assembly  to operate in an integrated, large-scale system. ",{"type":50,"attrs":1083,"content":1084},{"textAlign":85},[1085,1087,1095,1096,1104],{"text":1086,"type":110},"No Western country has yet achieved full value-chain connectivity. Companies such as ",{"text":1088,"type":110,"marks":1089},"MP Materials in the US",[1090,1093,1094],{"type":136,"attrs":1091},{"href":1092,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/higher-prices-needed-to-develop-ex-china-rare-earths-supply",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":864,"type":110},{"text":1097,"type":110,"marks":1098},"Lynas Rare Earths in Australia",[1099,1102,1103],{"type":136,"attrs":1100},{"href":1101,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/western-rare-earth-majors-under-pressure-as-low-prices-hit-profits",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1105,"type":110}," are advancing projects but remain behind China in refining capability, commercial scale, and downstream integration.",{"type":404,"attrs":1107,"content":1108},{"level":406,"textAlign":85},[1109],{"text":1110,"type":110},"Can recycling become a meaningful source of supply?",{"type":50,"attrs":1112,"content":1113},{"textAlign":85},[1114,1122],{"text":1115,"type":110,"marks":1116},"Recycling of end-of-life components",[1117,1120,1121],{"type":136,"attrs":1118},{"href":1119,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/poscos-rare-earth-magnet-orders-advance-ex-china-value-chain",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1123,"type":110}," including hard‑drive assemblies, EV motors, and wind turbine generators offers a potential supplementary source of supply by 2035. Even in optimistic scenarios, however, recycled material is expected to contribute only 7% of total demand, as the extraction, separation, and remanufacturing of magnet materials remain technically difficult and costly.",{"type":404,"attrs":1125,"content":1126},{"level":406,"textAlign":23},[1127],{"text":1128,"type":110,"marks":1129},"Can technology reduce reliance on rare earths?",[1130,1132],{"type":142,"attrs":1131},{"color":12},{"type":240},{"type":50,"attrs":1134,"content":1135},{"textAlign":85},[1136,1138,1143],{"text":1137,"type":110},"Technological substitution provides limited relief. ",{"text":1139,"type":110,"marks":1140},"Rare earth-free motor designs",[1141],{"type":142,"attrs":1142},{"color":624},{"text":1144,"type":110},", such as induction systems or ferrite magnet configurations, are commercially viable but sacrifice efficiency, torque, and compactness. Most automakers continue to favour permanent magnet architectures for their superior performance and range. ",{"type":50,"attrs":1146,"content":1147},{"textAlign":85},[1148],{"text":1149,"type":110},"As a result, global dependence on rare earth magnets  and, by extension, on Chinese refining and processing  is expected to persist well into the next decade, keeping supply security and diversification at the forefront of industrial and geopolitical strategy.",{"type":404,"attrs":1151},{"level":406,"textAlign":85},{"_uid":1153,"buttons":1154,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":205},"5d793b3a-b15c-4d82-8eb3-adabb85a7dd1",[1155],{"_uid":1156,"icon":12,"link":1157,"size":41,"label":204,"modal":1158,"theme":43,"component":44,"hide_icon":30,"hubspot_form":1159,"icon_position":1160,"flourish_embed":1161,"hubspot_calendar":1162},"2d2575ed-837d-4322-b410-054cbcbe2338",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},[],[],"right",[],[],{"_uid":1164,"content":1165,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":74,"container_width":72,"background_color":266,"vertical_spacing":208},"9ab61668-ccc4-4658-b333-292e595288e5",[1166],{"_uid":1167,"content":1168,"component":206},"2dbfa4ca-14ce-4f55-aeb4-b84528928407",[1169],{"_uid":1170,"link":1171,"content":1172,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":91,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":91},"99b7e005-fc59-400a-8063-c5b6dca1f3e8",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Read More about Rare Earths, Magnet & Motors",{"_uid":1174,"content":1175,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":72,"background_color":266,"vertical_spacing":208},"f590524a-1726-4fec-9372-d815db1a8327",[1176],{"_uid":1177,"category":1178,"component":1179},"4653e8d6-b6d8-4960-9bf9-2c10020de5fd","rare earths","BlocksSourceArticlesCarousel",{"_uid":1181,"content":1182,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"container_width":72,"background_color":73,"vertical_spacing":208},"28f4622d-b4d7-4e18-81ff-223aa966af43",[1183],{"_uid":1184,"link":1185,"heading":1193,"component":1194,"faq_items":1195,"description":1411},"74211302-0a84-4e32-bb57-1c07616221be",[1186],{"_uid":1187,"link":1188,"label":1191,"component":1192},"fda6d5f1-7a15-4435-a458-4bf91cbca2d8",{"id":1189,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":1190},"4891e495-7c26-4b9b-8799-b82ef95977d3","homepage","Contact Us","DesignButtonLink","General FAQs","BlocksFAQ",[1196,1272,1323,1337,1361],{"_uid":1197,"answer":1198,"opened":15,"question":1270,"component":1271,"existing_faq":12},"3df5fd85-533d-4289-ac09-c3c762408d41",{"type":47,"content":1199},[1200,1232,1262],{"type":50,"attrs":1201,"content":1202},{"textAlign":23},[1203,1209,1215,1220,1227],{"text":1204,"type":110,"marks":1205},"In ",[1206],{"type":142,"attrs":1207},{"color":1208},"#3C3C39",{"text":1024,"type":110,"marks":1210},[1211,1213,1214],{"type":136,"attrs":1212},{"href":259,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1216,"type":110,"marks":1217},", rare earth elements (REE) are used mainly in ",[1218],{"type":142,"attrs":1219},{"color":1208},{"text":1221,"type":110,"marks":1222},"permanent magnet traction motors",[1223,1225,1226],{"type":136,"attrs":1224},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1228,"type":110,"marks":1229},", which convert electrical energy into mechanical power to drive the wheels. ",[1230],{"type":142,"attrs":1231},{"color":1208},{"type":50,"attrs":1233,"content":1234},{"textAlign":23},[1235,1240,1246,1251,1257],{"text":1236,"type":110,"marks":1237},"The magnets  made from neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium enable smaller, lighter, and more efficient motors. A typical EV contains ~1–3 kg of ",[1238],{"type":142,"attrs":1239},{"color":1208},{"text":434,"type":110,"marks":1241},[1242,1244,1245],{"type":136,"attrs":1243},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1247,"type":110,"marks":1248}," and up to 200 g of ",[1249],{"type":142,"attrs":1250},{"color":1208},{"text":175,"type":110,"marks":1252},[1253,1255,1256],{"type":136,"attrs":1254},{"href":179,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1258,"type":110,"marks":1259}," to maintain high‑temperature stability. ",[1260],{"type":142,"attrs":1261},{"color":1208},{"type":50,"attrs":1263,"content":1264},{"textAlign":23},[1265],{"text":1266,"type":110,"marks":1267},"REE are also present in auxiliary components such as sensors, infotainment systems, and electric pumps, but their primary use lies in the drivetrain motor, where efficiency and compactness directly influence vehicle range and performance",[1268],{"type":142,"attrs":1269},{"color":1208},"What are rare earth elements used for in EVs?","DesignFAQItem",{"_uid":1273,"answer":1274,"opened":30,"question":1322,"component":1271,"existing_faq":12},"a89573ae-4f7b-4120-a02d-c0ea961cc037",{"type":47,"content":1275},[1276,1301],{"type":50,"attrs":1277,"content":1278},{"textAlign":23},[1279,1286,1287,1291,1293,1300],{"text":1280,"type":110,"marks":1281},"China controls ~70% of global mining",[1282,1284,1285],{"type":136,"attrs":1283},{"href":586,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":864,"type":110},{"text":1288,"type":110,"marks":1289},"~90% of separation and refining capacity",[1290],{"type":154},{"text":1292,"type":110},". This position reflects decades of targeted industrial policy, sustained technological investment, and a tolerance for the environmental costs associated with processing. Refining rare earths involves complex solvent-extraction and acid-leaching stages that generate significant ",{"text":1294,"type":110,"marks":1295},"toxic and radioactive waste",[1296,1298,1299],{"type":136,"attrs":1297},{"href":645,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":676,"type":110},{"type":50,"attrs":1302,"content":1303},{"textAlign":23},[1304,1306,1310,1312,1320],{"text":1305,"type":110},"While environmental regulations led many Western nations to scale back domestic refining during the 1990s, ",{"text":1307,"type":110,"marks":1308},"China expanded rapidly",[1309],{"type":154},{"text":1311,"type":110},", developing a fully integrated mine-to-magnet supply chain. Today, Chinese companies not only refine most of the world's rare earth output but also produce ",{"text":1313,"type":110,"marks":1314},"~90% of global permanent magnets",[1315,1318,1319],{"type":136,"attrs":1316},{"href":1317,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/in-charts-chinas-rare-earths-monopoly",{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1321,"type":110},", providing them with dominant influence over supply and pricing dynamics.","Why does China dominate rare earth supply?",{"_uid":1324,"answer":1325,"opened":30,"question":1336,"component":1271,"existing_faq":12},"ab2ef4ea-ff29-488f-9c04-c8cf77e9a842",{"type":47,"content":1326},[1327],{"type":50,"attrs":1328,"content":1329},{"textAlign":23},[1330],{"text":1331,"type":110,"marks":1332},"Despite their name, most rare earth elements (REE) are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust  with concentrations comparable to those of copper or nickel. What makes them “rare” is the difficulty of locating deposits concentrated enough for economic extraction and the complexity of separating the 17 elements, which occur together in similar chemical forms. Achieving profitable and environmentally responsible extraction and refining remains a major challenge.",[1333],{"type":142,"attrs":1334},{"color":1335},"#18181B","Are rare earth elements actually rare?",{"_uid":1338,"answer":1339,"opened":30,"question":1360,"component":1271},"7f58398a-db58-49d0-9557-7605ce62095f",{"type":47,"content":1340},[1341],{"type":50,"attrs":1342,"content":1343},{"textAlign":23},[1344,1346,1350,1352,1359],{"text":1345,"type":110},"Yes, but with trade‑offs. Some manufacturers, including ",{"text":1347,"type":110,"marks":1348},"Tesla for specific models",[1349],{"type":154},{"text":1351,"type":110},", use induction motors that do not rely on permanent magnets. Others are developing ferrite magnet or switched reluctance designs. These alternatives remove dependence on rare earth elements (REE) but reduce efficiency, power density, and vehicle range – factors that directly influence performance and cost. For this reason, most automakers continue to favour ",{"text":1353,"type":110,"marks":1354},"permanent magnet motors",[1355,1357,1358],{"type":136,"attrs":1356},{"href":259,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":676,"type":110},"Can EVs work without rare earth magnets?",{"_uid":1362,"answer":1363,"opened":30,"question":1410,"component":1271},"13b08399-66ea-4154-9c39-55549ca0a801",{"type":47,"content":1364},[1365],{"type":50,"attrs":1366,"content":1367},{"textAlign":23},[1368,1375,1380,1386,1391,1397,1401,1405],{"text":1369,"type":110,"marks":1370},"NdPr refers to a blended mix of neodymium and praseodymium",[1371,1373,1374],{"type":136,"attrs":1372},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1376,"type":110,"marks":1377}," the key components in high‑strength ",[1378],{"type":142,"attrs":1379},{"color":1208},{"text":456,"type":110,"marks":1381},[1382,1384,1385],{"type":136,"attrs":1383},{"href":249,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":1387,"type":110,"marks":1388},". NdPr determines magnet strength, temperature resistance, and overall performance. As ",[1389],{"type":142,"attrs":1390},{"color":1208},{"text":825,"type":110,"marks":1392},[1393,1395,1396],{"type":136,"attrs":1394},{"href":259,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":238,"linktype":140},{"type":240},{"type":154},{"text":864,"type":110,"marks":1398},[1399],{"type":142,"attrs":1400},{"color":1208},{"text":1402,"type":110,"marks":1403},"wind turbine",[1404],{"type":154},{"text":1406,"type":110,"marks":1407}," production expand, NdPr demand has become the primary driver of the rare earth market, influencing mining activity, pricing trends, and policy development worldwide.",[1408],{"type":142,"attrs":1409},{"color":1208},"What is NdPr and why does it matter?","Everything you need to know about Rare Earths, Magnets & Motors.\n\nIf you'd like to learn more about our Rare Earths, Magnets & Motors service:","Page",[],{"name":1415,"created_at":1416,"published_at":1417,"updated_at":1418,"id":1419,"uuid":1420,"content":1421,"slug":1527,"full_slug":1527,"sort_by_date":23,"position":1528,"tag_list":1529,"is_startpage":30,"parent_id":23,"meta_data":23,"group_id":1530,"first_published_at":1531,"release_id":23,"lang":1532,"path":23,"alternates":1533,"default_full_slug":23,"translated_slugs":23},"⚙️ Settings","2025-06-02T14:53:28.821Z","2025-10-01T10:35:45.972Z","2025-10-01T10:35:45.982Z",681217962,"ef9fd424-d418-4187-b479-9a20b351c3d6",{"bld":1422,"_uid":1423,"component":1424,"default_seo":1425,"areas_of_interest":1431},"direkt.se\nstreetwisereports.com\nalpha-sense.com\nafrica-energy.com\ntcs.com\nmm-markets.com\nsmr-premium.com\nsci99.com\nlondoncib.com\nyeb.com.br\nnewautomotive.org\nsina.com.cn\ngwstrategies.net\noliverwyman.com\ndazeinfo.com\ndataintelo.com\ninfyos.com\nevalueserve.com\ninsightwoo.com\ncrescendoanalytic.com\nipaglobal.com\nweare121.com\nzemek.com\nryancommodityinsights.com\nonyxsi.com\ncostmine.com\nnickhatchmining.com\naethoslabs.com\nmysteel.com\nbuzblox.com\nfutureproofconsulting.com.au\ncmgroup.net\noptelgroup.com\nberylls.com\nreputex.com\nnumber-three.net\nrobertdallison.com\nwsp.com\nafriforesight.com\npaydirt.com.au\nmetal.com\ninforma.com\nfelixstrategy.com\ncrisil.com\nantaike.com\nbatterymaterialsreview.com\nsrk.com\nglobaltrustgrp.com\nnapiermeridian.com\nprojectblue.com\nplutonic-rma.com\nrosaearth.io\ndrivesustainability.org\nminehub.com\nscsglobalservices.com\nLynxglobalintelligence.com\nsphera.com\nminespider.com\nc-resource.com\ntdi-sustainability.com\nkumi.consulting\nsc-insights.com\nkallanish.com\naboutenergy.co.uk\nenant.io\nopisnet.com\nacuitycommodities.com\nevinfocus.com\nsfa-oxford.com\ncrugroup.com\nwoodmac.com\nspglobal.com\nrolandberger.com\nrcsglobal.com\nnornik.ru\nlivista.energy\nihsmarkit.com\ncapitalightresearch.com\namegroup.com\ncapitalight.co\nsustainablelabs.io\ncommoditiesanalysis.co.uk\navicenne.com\nkearney.com\nnornickel.net\n5napier.com\nvoltility.net\ngf.com.cn\nhindenburgresearch.com\ndigbee.com\nadamasintel.com\nac-harvard.com\nsneresearch.com\ninventusbioenergy.com\nproactiveinvestors.com\nauroraer.com\nresourceworld.com\nbatteryline.com\norennia.com\nfastmarkets.com\nmsci.com\nbcg.com\nklinegroup.com\ndelta-ee.com\nskarnassociates.com\nricardo.com\ncleanhorizon.com\np3-group.com\naccenture.com\nporsche-consulting.com\numlaut.com\nadi-analytics.com\ncpmgroup.com\nilimarkets.com\nminviro.com\nmckinsey.com\ncicenergigune.com\ne4tech.com\nargusmedia.com\ndolbear.com\nerm.com\nlithium.org\nradiusq.com\ndigivla.com\njeri.co.jp\ntopology.com.tw\nsaurenergy.com\novaladvisory.com\ngsixenergy.com","4a989dda-bfbd-4b63-aa24-86295c311481","Settings",{"_uid":1426,"title":1427,"plugin":11,"og_image":1428,"og_title":12,"description":1429,"twitter_image":1430,"twitter_title":12,"og_description":12,"twitter_description":12},"835e1d73-69b8-4409-a3f1-24233ee665b4","Benchmark Mineral Intelligence | {page_title}","https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/x/9548bf4309/benchmark_logo_linkedin_osauqc.avif","World leading supply chain & energy transition intelligence. 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