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",{"type":50,"attrs":242,"content":243},{"textAlign":23},[244,246,254,256,263],{"text":245,"type":98},"As these resources are finite; unevenly distributed; and costly to extract and refine, recovering them through lithium battery recycling provides economic and strategic advantages. 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By 2040, the global EV market is expected to expand considerably, resulting in millions of vehicles reaching the end of their operational lives and enhancing the need for battery recycling efforts to reclaim critical materials such as ",{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":334},[335,337,338],{"type":103,"attrs":336},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":211,"type":98},{"text":213,"type":98,"marks":341},[342,344,345],{"type":103,"attrs":343},{"href":217,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":211,"type":98},{"text":222,"type":98,"marks":348},[349,351,352],{"type":103,"attrs":350},{"href":226,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":354,"type":98}," and ",{"text":356,"type":98,"marks":357},"manganese.",[358,360,361],{"type":103,"attrs":359},{"href":236,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"type":50,"attrs":363,"content":364},{"textAlign":23},[365,367,375,377,384],{"text":366,"type":98},"In the short term, battery production scrap from ",{"text":368,"type":98,"marks":369},"gigafactories",[370,373,374],{"type":103,"attrs":371},{"href":372,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/battery-gigafactory",{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":376,"type":98}," will be the primary source of recyclable material in the short-term, but in the next couple of years this will be overtaken by EV scrap, according to ",{"text":378,"type":98,"marks":379},"Benchmark's Recycling Analysis",[380,382,383],{"type":103,"attrs":381},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":385,"type":98},". Also, as battery supply chain challenges and sustainability goals become increasingly prominent, manufacturers are focusing on incorporating recycled content into their products, which will further drive demand for recycled materials in battery production.",{"type":387,"attrs":388,"content":390},"heading",{"level":389,"textAlign":23},3,[391],{"text":392,"type":98},"What investment is needed to meet future battery recycling demand?",{"type":50,"attrs":394,"content":395},{"textAlign":23},[396,398,405],{"text":397,"type":98},"Forecasts indicate that global ",{"text":399,"type":98,"marks":400},"battery recycling feedstock",[401,403,404],{"type":103,"attrs":402},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":406,"type":98}," availability will surpass 0.5 TWh by 2030, with the automotive sector contributing significantly. From an investment standpoint, over $150 billion is estimated as required to build the capacity needed to recycle battery scrap by 2040 and in order to plug the gap between today vs 2040 demand, at least $1.6 trillion of investment is required.","light-grey",{"_uid":409,"content":410,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":288,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":288,"background_color":407,"vertical_spacing":287},"aba55a35-82a3-4ff6-98ac-189af3d639e1",[411],{"_uid":412,"content":413,"component":286},"4186201b-a905-4a34-8fe7-bf176c36c8c9",[414,418,424,716],{"_uid":415,"link":416,"content":417,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":299,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":88},"f2682236-d9dc-445e-92e0-d59ebdb43a91",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"What has driven capacity development regionally?",{"_uid":419,"image":420,"height":173,"caption":12,"quality":174,"component":175,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"cfaaa87e-7615-4525-bc5e-93f5b91499eb",{"id":421,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":422,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":423,"is_external_url":30},77708364322104,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/8bbbfc155a/hero_anode5.png",{},{"_uid":425,"text":426,"alignment":85,"component":165,"paragraph_size":166},"a0d36cdb-3244-46bb-a3ef-0a16bb5f016e",{"type":47,"content":427},[428,438,440,491,493,499,522,527,566,594,599,614,619,633,638,659,664,678,691,696,698,703],{"type":50,"attrs":429,"content":430},{"textAlign":85},[431],{"text":432,"type":98,"marks":433},"Global battery recycling capacity is steadily increasing in response to the growing volume of used lithium ion battery cells, Benchmark forecasts that the total weight of EOL/production scrap available for recycling will exceed 2.5 million metric tons by 2030. This expansion is essential to accommodate the influx of EOL batteries from the EV sector, which is expected to continue its upward trajectory. ",[434],{"type":435,"attrs":436},"textStyle",{"color":437},"#000000",{"type":50,"attrs":439},{"textAlign":85},{"type":50,"attrs":441,"content":442},{"textAlign":85},[443,448,458,463,472,477,486],{"text":444,"type":98,"marks":445},"The ",[446],{"type":435,"attrs":447},{"color":437},{"text":449,"type":98,"marks":450},"battery recycling industry is also evolving",[451,454,457],{"type":103,"attrs":452},{"href":453,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/video/watch/from-battery-scrap-to-battery-grade-how-the-recycling-industry-is-evolving",{"type":435,"attrs":455},{"color":456},"#1155CC",{"type":111},{"text":459,"type":98,"marks":460}," globally with significant variations in infrastructure across regions, notable efforts are underway in China, Europe, North America, and India. ",[461],{"type":435,"attrs":462},{"color":437},{"text":464,"type":98,"marks":465},"In Europe and North America, the battery recycling markets have a similar level of maturity",[466,469,471],{"type":103,"attrs":467},{"href":468,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/in-charts-comparing-the-european-and-north-american-black-mass-markets",{"type":435,"attrs":470},{"color":456},{"type":111},{"text":473,"type":98,"marks":474},", however there are key differences between how black mass is classified and priced in these regions. Throughout 2025, ",[475],{"type":435,"attrs":476},{"color":437},{"text":478,"type":98,"marks":479},"grants accounted for the majority of funding in the battery recycling industry",[480,483,485],{"type":103,"attrs":481},{"href":482,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-is-battery-supply-chain-funding-evolving-in-2025",{"type":435,"attrs":484},{"color":456},{"type":111},{"text":487,"type":98,"marks":488},", highlighting the need for government support to expand infrastructure in each region.",[489],{"type":435,"attrs":490},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":492},{"textAlign":85},{"type":387,"attrs":494,"content":496},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},4,[497],{"text":498,"type":98},"How does China lead the global battery recycling market?",{"type":50,"attrs":500,"content":501},{"textAlign":23},[502,504,511,513,520],{"text":503,"type":98},"China currently leads the global battery recycling market, driven by its extensive ",{"text":505,"type":98,"marks":506},"EV industry",[507,509,510],{"type":103,"attrs":508},{"href":119,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":512,"type":98},", manufacturing capabilities, and supportive government policies. China accounts for over three quarters of battery pre-treatment capacity and greater than 85% of ",{"text":514,"type":98,"marks":515},"black mass",[516,518,519],{"type":103,"attrs":517},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":521,"type":98}," refining capacity as of 2025, solidifying its dominance in the battery recycling sector. Many battery recycling companies are bringing operations online to manage the increasing volume of EOL batteries and scrap.",{"type":387,"attrs":523,"content":524},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[525],{"text":526,"type":98},"How is Europe developing its battery recycling infrastructure?",{"type":50,"attrs":528,"content":529},{"textAlign":23},[530,532,540,542,548,550,557,559,565],{"text":531,"type":98},"In Europe, battery recycling infrastructure has evolved mainly as a response to regulations such as the EU Battery Regulation and the ",{"text":533,"type":98,"marks":534},"Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA)",[535,538,539],{"type":103,"attrs":536},{"href":537,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-is-europe-progressing-on-its-crma-targets-",{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":541,"type":98},", as well as the classification of ",{"text":514,"type":98,"marks":543},[544,546,547],{"type":103,"attrs":545},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":549,"type":98}," as hazardous waste to reduce ",{"text":551,"type":98,"marks":552},"critical mineral",[553,555,556],{"type":103,"attrs":554},{"href":197,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":558,"type":98}," leakage. The Battery Regulation replaced the previous battery directive and aims to regulate the entire lifecycle of batteries within the EU to reduce environmental impacts, improve sustainability, and support a ",{"text":247,"type":98,"marks":560},[561,563,564],{"type":103,"attrs":562},{"href":251,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":133,"type":98},{"type":50,"attrs":567,"content":568},{"textAlign":23},[569,571,577,578,584,586,592],{"text":570,"type":98},"The regulation stipulates that by 2031, new batteries must contain 6% recycled content for ",{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":572},[573,575,576],{"type":103,"attrs":574},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":354,"type":98},{"text":222,"type":98,"marks":579},[580,582,583],{"type":103,"attrs":581},{"href":226,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":585,"type":98},", and 16% for ",{"text":213,"type":98,"marks":587},[588,590,591],{"type":103,"attrs":589},{"href":217,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":593,"type":98},". While the CRMA addresses the EU's dependence on imported raw materials which includes battery raw materials, it supports the development of a battery recycling industry. ",{"type":50,"attrs":595,"content":596},{"textAlign":23},[597],{"text":598,"type":98},"These regulations enforce battery recycling targets and mandate the use of recycled materials in new batteries. Recyclers are establishing commercial-scale battery recycling facilities across the continent to create a closed loop on critical materials. As part of the implementation of the EU Batteries Regulation, each EU member state is working to integrate and implement their regional legislation to the overall law, such as the integration of its national Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) systems with Producer Responsibility Organisations (PRO).",{"type":50,"attrs":600,"content":601},{"textAlign":23},[602,604,612],{"text":603,"type":98},"In ex-EU countries, such as the UK, legislation is being introduced to encourage ",{"text":605,"type":98,"marks":606},"critical mineral security",[607,610,611],{"type":103,"attrs":608},{"href":609,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-ambitious-is-the-uks-critical-mineral-strategy",{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":613,"type":98}," through manufacturing and recycling , as  outlined in the Critical Mineral Strategy: Vision 2035, where the government defined a list of minerals determined as critical and / or important for growth.",{"type":387,"attrs":615,"content":616},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[617],{"text":618,"type":98},"What is driving battery recycling capacity in North America?",{"type":50,"attrs":620,"content":621},{"textAlign":23},[622,624,631],{"text":623,"type":98},"Capacity growth in North America initially developed slower than in Europe or China. However, with the introduction of the Biden Administration Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Department of Energy (DOE) support, grant funding into the ",{"text":625,"type":98,"marks":626},"battery recycling sector",[627,629,630],{"type":103,"attrs":628},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":632,"type":98}," increased hugely, with many investments being made to build out battery recycling capacity in the region.",{"type":50,"attrs":634,"content":635},{"textAlign":23},[636],{"text":637,"type":98},"To date, capacity development has largely been led by federal funding, however with the inauguration of President Trump in January 2025, it was unclear how this would be impacted, particularly by plans to dismantle the IRA.",{"type":50,"attrs":639,"content":640},{"textAlign":23},[641,643,649,651,657],{"text":642,"type":98},"While the IRA has succeeded in supporting the industry through its infancy, with an emphasis on America-first supply chains potentially increasing the need for battery recycling in the US, Trump's legislation will now focus on ",{"text":605,"type":98,"marks":644},[645,647,648],{"type":103,"attrs":646},{"href":197,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":650,"type":98}," and supply chain independence. In the US, ",{"text":514,"type":98,"marks":652},[653,655,656],{"type":103,"attrs":654},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":658,"type":98}," is classified as a solid waste and only given a hazardous classification if the material in question can be proven to have such characteristics. ",{"type":387,"attrs":660,"content":661},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[662],{"text":663,"type":98},"How is India approaching battery recycling?",{"type":50,"attrs":665,"content":666},{"textAlign":23},[667,669,676],{"text":668,"type":98},"India's battery recycling sector is showing signs of growth, largely through the Battery Waste Management (BWM) Rules issued in 2025, which prioritises collection and battery recycling to address its growing e-waste and EOL batteries. Differing to China, Europe, and North America, by 2030 the majority of the country's batteries are set to come from ",{"text":670,"type":98,"marks":671},"eMicromobility & 2&3 Wheeler",[672,674,675],{"type":103,"attrs":673},{"href":119,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":677,"type":98}," segments.",{"type":50,"attrs":679,"content":680},{"textAlign":23},[681,683,689],{"text":682,"type":98},"Under current regulation, ",{"text":514,"type":98,"marks":684},[685,687,688],{"type":103,"attrs":686},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":690,"type":98}," can only be exported from India under a certain HS code once the exporting company has an export control licence and permission from the  government. Previously a significant portion of black mass was being exported under alternative codes as a workaround, avoiding the need for additional permits/approvals from the MoEFCC.",{"type":50,"attrs":692,"content":693},{"textAlign":23},[694],{"text":695,"type":98},"Towards the end of 2025, the government acknowledged that black mass exporters were circumventing Indian hazardous waste export rules through the use of unrelated HS codes, and have clamped down on non-compliance, which came as the government was looking to bolster its support for domestic refining capabilities through a $170 million grant scheme.",{"type":50,"attrs":697},{"textAlign":23},{"type":387,"attrs":699,"content":700},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[701],{"text":702,"type":98},"Other regions and battery recycling capacity",{"type":50,"attrs":704,"content":705},{"textAlign":23},[706,708,714],{"text":707,"type":98},"Development is occurring on a smaller scale in Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Japan - as they look to handle the increasing volume of e-waste and batteries. Collectively, these global efforts signify a clear movement toward sustainable battery supply chains, as each region seeks to enhance access to ",{"text":193,"type":98,"marks":709},[710,712,713],{"type":103,"attrs":711},{"href":197,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":715,"type":98}," while minimising environmental impact.",{"_uid":717,"buttons":718,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":285},"50af9413-2350-496d-bae4-f89c87a4251e",[719],{"_uid":720,"link":721,"size":41,"label":42,"theme":43,"component":44},"bd3f6da4-82d3-413c-9127-333848037deb",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":723,"content":724,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":288,"background_color":73,"vertical_spacing":287},"791808c8-cc93-42ef-abb4-a07551b9d7dc",[725],{"_uid":726,"content":727,"component":286},"06a4f8a5-0fd4-4ad7-a68c-58981cf1d3a7",[728,732,746,964],{"_uid":729,"link":730,"content":731,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":299,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":88},"2e50cc3a-ced7-4d45-9297-a65c3b8e8e2b",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"What does the battery recycling process involve?",{"_uid":733,"height":173,"images":734,"component":745},"7628c85d-12a4-4c7c-a53c-6c14636a7b0b",[735,739,743],{"id":736,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":737,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":738},91522441991527,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/1c52b7c277/data-blue.png",{},{"id":740,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":741,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":742},163730948176801,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/5120x3412/34832fd567/adobestock_1569334094.jpeg",{},{"id":27,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":28,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":744},{},"ContentImagesGrid",{"_uid":747,"text":748,"alignment":85,"component":165,"paragraph_size":166},"96bd86d3-92f7-4b3c-8260-f5efe94efdb4",{"type":47,"content":749},[750,755,763,771,779,787,795,803,825,833,841,874,929,937,945],{"type":387,"attrs":751,"content":752},{"level":389,"textAlign":85},[753],{"text":754,"type":98},"What are the key steps in recycling a lithium-ion battery?",{"type":50,"attrs":756,"content":757},{"textAlign":85},[758],{"text":759,"type":98,"marks":760},"The battery recycling process for lithium-ion batteries is complex and involves several stages to ensure the efficient recovery of valuable materials. The typical battery recycling process includes:",[761],{"type":435,"attrs":762},{"color":437},{"type":387,"attrs":764,"content":765},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[766],{"text":767,"type":98,"marks":768},"1. Collection of EOL batteries",[769],{"type":435,"attrs":770},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":772,"content":773},{"textAlign":23},[774],{"text":775,"type":98,"marks":776},"Batteries and battery scrap from gigafactories, EVs, eMicromobility & 2&3 wheelers, consumer electronics, and industrial applications are collected when they reach the end of life stage. ",[777],{"type":435,"attrs":778},{"color":437},{"type":387,"attrs":780,"content":781},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[782],{"text":783,"type":98,"marks":784},"2. Discharging",[785],{"type":435,"attrs":786},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":788,"content":789},{"textAlign":23},[790],{"text":791,"type":98,"marks":792},"For many recyclers, one of the first recycling steps is discharging. The step is mainly performed to prevent fire/explosive issues, and to store and utilise residual energy. ",[793],{"type":435,"attrs":794},{"color":437},{"type":387,"attrs":796,"content":797},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[798],{"text":799,"type":98,"marks":800},"3. Dismantling",[801],{"type":435,"attrs":802},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":804,"content":805},{"textAlign":23},[806,811,820],{"text":807,"type":98,"marks":808},"For batteries that are contained within a pack, after collection, the battery pack is disassembled to separate cells, which are assessed for ",[809],{"type":435,"attrs":810},{"color":437},{"text":812,"type":98,"marks":813},"reuse in second life battery applications",[814,817,819],{"type":103,"attrs":815},{"href":816,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-is-the-second-life-battery-market-playing-out",{"type":435,"attrs":818},{"color":456},{"type":111},{"text":821,"type":98,"marks":822}," or full battery recycling. ",[823],{"type":435,"attrs":824},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":826,"content":827},{"textAlign":23},[828],{"text":829,"type":98,"marks":830},"This step is sometimes skipped by companies to save time and cost, but can lead to higher impurity content which needs more recovery in refining. ",[831],{"type":435,"attrs":832},{"color":437},{"type":387,"attrs":834,"content":835},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[836],{"text":837,"type":98,"marks":838},"4. Pre-treatment / Production of black mass",[839],{"type":435,"attrs":840},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":842,"content":843},{"textAlign":23},[844,849,855,856,862,863,869],{"text":845,"type":98,"marks":846},"Cells that cannot be reused are sent to be recycled where, in most cases, they are mechanically broken down. This stage is the pre-treatment stage, where cells are crushed / shredded, resulting in a coarse mixture known as \"black mass\", which contains active material powders, such as ",[847],{"type":435,"attrs":848},{"color":437},{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":850},[851,853,854],{"type":103,"attrs":852},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":211,"type":98},{"text":213,"type":98,"marks":857},[858,860,861],{"type":103,"attrs":859},{"href":217,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":230,"type":98},{"text":222,"type":98,"marks":864},[865,867,868],{"type":103,"attrs":866},{"href":226,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":870,"type":98,"marks":871}," which are ready for further processing. ",[872],{"type":435,"attrs":873},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":875,"content":876},{"textAlign":23},[877,886,891,897,898,904,905,911,915,924],{"text":878,"type":98,"marks":879},"Black mass",[880,883,885],{"type":103,"attrs":881},{"href":882,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/what-is-black-mass-and-how-is-it-priced",{"type":435,"attrs":884},{"color":456},{"type":111},{"text":887,"type":98,"marks":888}," is produced by processing battery scrap and is a tradeable commodity. Its quality and composition varies by company, due to different processes involved to recover the material. The value of black mass depends on the metals contained within it. For example for NCM black mass, the valuable components are ",[889],{"type":435,"attrs":890},{"color":437},{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":892},[893,895,896],{"type":103,"attrs":894},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":211,"type":98},{"text":213,"type":98,"marks":899},[900,902,903],{"type":103,"attrs":901},{"href":217,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":230,"type":98},{"text":222,"type":98,"marks":906},[907,909,910],{"type":103,"attrs":908},{"href":226,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":240,"type":98,"marks":912},[913],{"type":435,"attrs":914},{"color":437},{"text":916,"type":98,"marks":917},"A payable for each mineral will be decided to then derive a price",[918,921,923],{"type":103,"attrs":919},{"href":920,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":107},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/q3-2025-black-mass-price-review-china-lifts-black-mass-import-restrictions",{"type":435,"attrs":922},{"color":456},{"type":111},{"text":925,"type":98,"marks":926}," - the calculation for this varies by region.",[927],{"type":435,"attrs":928},{"color":437},{"type":387,"attrs":930,"content":931},{"level":495,"textAlign":23},[932],{"text":933,"type":98,"marks":934},"5. Conversion to metal salts or other recovered materials",[935],{"type":435,"attrs":936},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":938,"content":939},{"textAlign":23},[940],{"text":941,"type":98,"marks":942},"Black mass is then chemically treated to separate and refine metals, often converting them into salts like lithium carbonate or nickel sulphate. These recycled materials are then prepared for reuse in new batteries or other industrial applications, completing the battery recycling cycle. ",[943],{"type":435,"attrs":944},{"color":437},{"type":50,"attrs":946,"content":947},{"textAlign":23},[948,953,959],{"text":949,"type":98,"marks":950},"According to leading battery recycling companies, ",[951],{"type":435,"attrs":952},{"color":437},{"text":954,"type":98,"marks":955},"recycled content can constitute up to 100% of cobalt",[956,958],{"type":435,"attrs":957},{"color":456},{"type":111},{"text":960,"type":98,"marks":961}," and 25-30% of nickel and lithium in new battery production for some OEMs.",[962],{"type":435,"attrs":963},{"color":437},{"_uid":965,"buttons":966,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":285},"520be917-c0b2-4b15-815c-f387365c3e9f",[967],{"_uid":968,"link":969,"size":41,"label":42,"theme":43,"component":44},"0045da3e-983e-47db-b0d9-bdf3c68d8d5d",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":971,"content":972,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":287,"bottom_spacing":74,"container_width":288,"background_color":407,"vertical_spacing":287},"3a708ed5-dbd3-40a7-88ea-435c679d2f18",[973],{"_uid":974,"content":975,"component":286},"d209fe82-6fd2-433f-8eea-9e6074d5e1b6",[976,980,986,1211],{"_uid":977,"link":978,"content":979,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":299,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":88},"3c6fb5cc-be6c-4e13-835f-4d58be09f6c1",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"What technology is used in battery recycling?",{"_uid":981,"image":982,"height":173,"caption":12,"quality":174,"component":175,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"1d347813-238f-48bd-8ade-9768e8143e3d",{"id":983,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":984,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":985,"is_external_url":30},163730948127646,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/7952x4564/ced87ae23b/adobestock_889536157.jpeg",{},{"_uid":987,"text":988,"alignment":85,"component":165,"paragraph_size":166},"48eae514-6a3a-42f6-9394-9bf71702b44a",{"type":47,"content":989},[990,1003,1010,1015,1022,1034,1059,1064,1070,1087,1093,1152,1158],{"type":50,"attrs":991,"content":992},{"textAlign":23},[993,994,1001],{"text":444,"type":98},{"text":995,"type":98,"marks":996},"lithium-ion battery recycling market",[997,999,1000],{"type":103,"attrs":998},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1002,"type":98}," employs various battery recycling technologies, each with distinct advantages and limitations tailored to specific applications. Effective material recovery typically involves two stages: pre-treatment and black mass refining.",{"type":50,"attrs":1004,"content":1005},{"textAlign":23},[1006],{"text":1007,"type":98,"marks":1008},"Pre-treatment to produce black mass",[1009],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1011,"content":1012},{"textAlign":23},[1013],{"text":1014,"type":98},"This stage may include processes such as thermal pre-treatment, which applies controlled heat to facilitate handling, or solvent washing to eliminate impurities. These preparatory steps enhance the efficiency of metal extraction in the subsequent stage.",{"type":50,"attrs":1016,"content":1017},{"textAlign":23},[1018],{"text":1019,"type":98,"marks":1020},"Black mass refining to produce battery materials",[1021],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1023,"content":1024},{"textAlign":23},[1025,1032],{"text":1026,"type":98,"marks":1027},"Black mass refining",[1028,1030,1031],{"type":103,"attrs":1029},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1033,"type":98}," is crucial for producing high-purity materials that meet specifications for battery production, enabling recycled metals to re-enter the battery supply chain. Within the industry, battery recycling is achieved using three primary methods each with unique processes, benefits and challenges:",{"type":1035,"content":1036},"bullet_list",[1037,1045,1052],{"type":1038,"content":1039},"list_item",[1040],{"type":50,"attrs":1041,"content":1042},{"textAlign":23},[1043],{"text":1044,"type":98},"Pyrometallurgy",{"type":1038,"content":1046},[1047],{"type":50,"attrs":1048,"content":1049},{"textAlign":23},[1050],{"text":1051,"type":98},"Hydrometallurgy",{"type":1038,"content":1053},[1054],{"type":50,"attrs":1055,"content":1056},{"textAlign":23},[1057],{"text":1058,"type":98},"Direct recycling",{"type":50,"attrs":1060,"content":1061},{"textAlign":23},[1062],{"text":1063,"type":98},"The majority of recycling companies use hydrometallurgy for refining. ",{"type":50,"attrs":1065,"content":1066},{"textAlign":23},[1067],{"text":1051,"type":98,"marks":1068},[1069],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1071,"content":1072},{"textAlign":23},[1073,1079,1081,1082],{"text":1074,"type":98,"marks":1075},"Hydrometallurgy relies on leaching agents to dissolve metals into a recoverable form; its recovery rate can reach up to 98% for elements including nickel and lithium. Some hydrometallurgical approaches are being developed to ensure CO2 emissions and energy intensity of the recycling process are minimised, making it a more environmentally friendly choice. However, its reliance on hazardous chemicals can introduce challenges, including the release of volatile organic compounds and risks of wastewater contamination.",[1076],{"type":435,"attrs":1077},{"color":1078},"#222222",{"type":1080},"hard_break",{"type":1080},{"text":1083,"type":98,"marks":1084},"Battery recycling companies employing this method often invest in wastewater treatment systems to mitigate these risks, although variability in battery chemistries and sizes still complicates large-scale adoption.",[1085],{"type":435,"attrs":1086},{"color":1078},{"type":50,"attrs":1088,"content":1089},{"textAlign":23},[1090],{"text":1044,"type":98,"marks":1091},[1092],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1094,"content":1095},{"textAlign":23},[1096,1101,1107,1112,1118,1123,1129,1134,1135,1136,1141,1147],{"text":1097,"type":98,"marks":1098},"Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures to extract and purify metals from EOL batteries. The process typically starts with thermal treatment at 140–500°C to remove volatile substances, followed by smelting at 1400–1700°C, producing alloys of ",[1099],{"type":435,"attrs":1100},{"color":1078},{"text":213,"type":98,"marks":1102},[1103,1105,1106],{"type":103,"attrs":1104},{"href":217,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1108,"type":98,"marks":1109},", copper, and ",[1110],{"type":435,"attrs":1111},{"color":1078},{"text":222,"type":98,"marks":1113},[1114,1116,1117],{"type":103,"attrs":1115},{"href":226,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1119,"type":98,"marks":1120},", along with a slag containing ",[1121],{"type":435,"attrs":1122},{"color":1078},{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":1124},[1125,1127,1128],{"type":103,"attrs":1126},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1130,"type":98,"marks":1131}," and aluminium oxides. In some cases, lithium carbonate is recovered using carbon dioxide in a dry refining step.",[1132],{"type":435,"attrs":1133},{"color":1078},{"type":1080},{"type":1080},{"text":1137,"type":98,"marks":1138},"While effective at processing mixed waste streams, this technique is used less frequently today due to its significant energy demands and the potential for carbon dioxide and toxic gas emissions. Although process improvements have enhanced recovery rates and reduced environmental impact, some critical materials like ",[1139],{"type":435,"attrs":1140},{"color":1078},{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":1142},[1143,1145,1146],{"type":103,"attrs":1144},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1148,"type":98,"marks":1149}," can still be lost. As a result, many companies now combine pyrometallurgy with hydrometallurgy to maximise efficiency and material recovery.",[1150],{"type":435,"attrs":1151},{"color":1078},{"type":50,"attrs":1153,"content":1154},{"textAlign":23},[1155],{"text":1058,"type":98,"marks":1156},[1157],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1159,"content":1160},{"textAlign":23},[1161,1166,1174,1178,1186,1191,1192,1193,1198,1206],{"text":1162,"type":98,"marks":1163},"Direct recycling is a method which focuses on preserving the functional structure of battery components. This battery recycling process involves physically disassembling batteries to recover key materials such as ",[1164],{"type":435,"attrs":1165},{"color":1078},{"text":1167,"type":98,"marks":1168},"cathodes",[1169,1172,1173],{"type":103,"attrs":1170},{"href":1171,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/cathode",{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":354,"type":98,"marks":1175},[1176],{"type":435,"attrs":1177},{"color":1078},{"text":1179,"type":98,"marks":1180},"anodes",[1181,1184,1185],{"type":103,"attrs":1182},{"href":1183,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/anode",{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1187,"type":98,"marks":1188},", with an emphasis on maintaining their integrity. Supplementing lithium-deficient cathodes or regenerating anodes enables their reuse in new batteries without significant degradation in performance.",[1189],{"type":435,"attrs":1190},{"color":1078},{"type":1080},{"type":1080},{"text":1194,"type":98,"marks":1195},"The process reduces downstream processing while yielding high-quality, impurity-free recycled battery materials (in theory). Despite its advantages, direct recycling remains ",[1196],{"type":435,"attrs":1197},{"color":1078},{"text":1199,"type":98,"marks":1200},"technologically immature",[1201,1204,1205],{"type":103,"attrs":1202},{"href":1203,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/new-technology",{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1207,"type":98,"marks":1208},", with scalability hindered by labour-intensive procedures and the absence of a well-established commercial framework.",[1209],{"type":435,"attrs":1210},{"color":1078},{"_uid":1212,"buttons":1213,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":285},"8f260a27-9b2b-43a6-9de8-f10e8ac27cd6",[1214],{"_uid":1215,"link":1216,"size":41,"label":42,"theme":43,"component":44},"827e1300-c98e-40fd-9885-d3313e3c78d2",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":1218,"content":1219,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":288,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":288,"background_color":407,"vertical_spacing":287},"d7ccb0b2-3d79-434e-a5e1-ce15fe930569",[1220],{"_uid":1221,"content":1222,"component":286},"74f38d33-e50d-49e5-bb9e-687efaa28721",[1223,1227,1234,1339],{"_uid":1224,"link":1225,"content":1226,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":299,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":88},"225ee6b8-0247-4125-9048-9e694a018aeb",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"How is regulation and legislation shaping the industry?",{"_uid":1228,"image":1229,"height":173,"caption":12,"quality":1233,"component":175,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"43820eb0-e1de-42ef-8cad-5896957cf064",{"id":1230,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1231,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1232,"is_external_url":30},163730084936582,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/6000x4000/85af643c47/adobestock_830898829.jpeg",{},"90",{"_uid":1235,"text":1236,"alignment":85,"component":165,"paragraph_size":166},"2845d22f-ffb6-4e09-bf39-1d9dda442f0f",{"type":47,"content":1237},[1238,1245,1258,1263,1270,1307,1312,1314,1321,1334],{"type":50,"attrs":1239,"content":1240},{"textAlign":23},[1241],{"text":1242,"type":98,"marks":1243},"How has China's legislation shaped its battery recycling market?",[1244],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1246,"content":1247},{"textAlign":23},[1248,1250,1256],{"text":1249,"type":98},"China’s battery recycling industry is highly developed, shaped by strict regulation such as the MIIT whitelist, which approves companies based on criteria like ",{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":1251},[1252,1254,1255],{"type":103,"attrs":1253},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1257,"type":98}," recovery rates, environmental standards, and utilisation. Firms that fail to meet these requirements within a year are removed. However, regulatory gaps remain, including the classification of black mass as hazardous waste since 2018, which restricted imports and limited domestic supply.",{"type":50,"attrs":1259,"content":1260},{"textAlign":23},[1261],{"text":1262,"type":98},"Import restrictions were lifted on 1 August 2025 to secure critical materials, reshaping global black mass trade. Yet strict impurity standards have caused issues, with many shipments especially from EOL batteries, initially rejected due to insufficient pre-screening or quality inconsistencies.",{"type":50,"attrs":1264,"content":1265},{"textAlign":23},[1266],{"text":1267,"type":98,"marks":1268},"What regulations are driving battery recycling in Europe?",[1269],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1271,"content":1272},{"textAlign":23},[1273,1275,1282,1284,1290,1291,1297,1299,1305],{"text":1274,"type":98},"In Europe, regulation has driven battery recycling infrastructure, with policies like the ",{"text":1276,"type":98,"marks":1277},"CRMA",[1278,1280,1281],{"type":103,"attrs":1279},{"href":537,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1283,"type":98}," and EU Battery Regulation setting strict recovery targets and minimum recycled content requirements in new batteries - 6% for ",{"text":203,"type":98,"marks":1285},[1286,1288,1289],{"type":103,"attrs":1287},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":354,"type":98},{"text":222,"type":98,"marks":1292},[1293,1295,1296],{"type":103,"attrs":1294},{"href":226,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1298,"type":98},"; 16% for ",{"text":213,"type":98,"marks":1300},[1301,1303,1304],{"type":103,"attrs":1302},{"href":217,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1306,"type":98}," by 2031, rising to 12% for lithium; 15% for nickel and 26% for cobalt by 2036. They also promote greater transparency and traceability across the supply chain.",{"type":50,"attrs":1308,"content":1309},{"textAlign":23},[1310],{"text":1311,"type":98},"These measures aim to ensure responsible sourcing and boost demand for recycled materials, though some ambiguity in definitions still allows materials to leak outside the region.",{"type":50,"attrs":1313},{"textAlign":23},{"type":50,"attrs":1315,"content":1316},{"textAlign":23},[1317],{"text":1318,"type":98,"marks":1319},"How is the US regulating lithium-ion battery recycling?",[1320],{"type":109},{"type":50,"attrs":1322,"content":1323},{"textAlign":23},[1324,1326,1332],{"text":1325,"type":98},"The US currently has no federal law governing the full lifecycle of lithium-ion batteries, despite a clear need for recycling infrastructure. In May 2023, the EPA stated most used lithium-ion batteries are likely hazardous waste and should be managed under universal waste rules until recycling. It also clarified that “",{"text":514,"type":98,"marks":1327},[1328,1330,1331],{"type":103,"attrs":1329},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1333,"type":98},"” is no longer considered a battery and is regulated as solid waste under state and local laws until processing is complete.",{"type":50,"attrs":1335,"content":1336},{"textAlign":23},[1337],{"text":1338,"type":98},"As a result, black mass leakage from the US has continued. Some states, including New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, have introduced extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws covering EV battery collection, transport, reuse, and recycling. Meanwhile, since March 2024, the EPA and Department of Energy have been exploring an optional national EPR framework for batteries.",{"_uid":1340,"buttons":1341,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":285},"06120c72-e16d-4933-a2b1-39ee91ab80da",[1342],{"_uid":1343,"link":1344,"size":41,"label":42,"theme":43,"component":44},"34a93a83-1654-4c3a-b381-f3d2964fd594",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":1346,"content":1347,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":288,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":288,"background_color":407,"vertical_spacing":287},"2094cc27-eb3c-4ad4-965b-beb1c97fe15b",[1348],{"_uid":1349,"content":1350,"component":286},"65a90ffd-9a05-4038-ae5c-76dca7eabb96",[1351,1355,1361,1389],{"_uid":1352,"link":1353,"content":1354,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":299,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":88},"82995cd9-c8a7-45a2-88df-696a0b85113b",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"What are the main challenges?",{"_uid":1356,"image":1357,"height":173,"caption":12,"quality":1233,"component":175,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"029978c6-d8ac-42cd-a19b-e40e65a5c042",{"id":1358,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1359,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1360,"is_external_url":30},163730948058012,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/5250x3500/b99910cdd9/adobestock_790637607.jpeg",{},{"_uid":1362,"text":1363,"alignment":85,"component":165,"paragraph_size":166},"40b300e8-2048-43f2-84e3-7a8452f5a6d6",{"type":47,"content":1364},[1365,1379,1384],{"type":50,"attrs":1366,"content":1367},{"textAlign":23},[1368,1370,1377],{"text":1369,"type":98},"Battery recycling is still evolving, with companies struggling to secure financing and often operating at a loss. They remain reliant on equity and debt while investing in ",{"text":1371,"type":98,"marks":1372},"battery recycling technology",[1373,1375,1376],{"type":103,"attrs":1374},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1378,"type":98},", capacity, and partnerships.",{"type":50,"attrs":1380,"content":1381},{"textAlign":23},[1382],{"text":1383,"type":98},"A major challenge is securing sufficient feedstock. For now, firms depend on gigafactory and EOL portable battery scrap, which supports development but generates limited revenue. Profitability will depend on access to EOL EV batteries over time.",{"type":50,"attrs":1385,"content":1386},{"textAlign":23},[1387],{"text":1388,"type":98},"Companies must also manage cash carefully to avoid running out of capital before revenues grow. Fluctuating raw material prices add further pressure, as lower prices reduce income from recycled materials and squeeze margins.",{"_uid":1390,"buttons":1391,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":285},"a851398f-d0c8-4be8-84f5-a05c44003e2e",[1392],{"_uid":1393,"link":1394,"size":41,"label":42,"theme":43,"component":44},"9d6540fa-1529-46ab-8178-86b3461559b5",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":1396,"content":1397,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":288,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":288,"background_color":407,"vertical_spacing":287},"511d1e24-8cbd-42fb-99ff-ad9fff903967",[1398],{"_uid":1399,"content":1400,"component":286},"9350011e-08d3-420b-9d8f-d5babb038e2a",[1401,1405,1411,1461],{"_uid":1402,"link":1403,"content":1404,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":299,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":88},"0263f0a0-a709-4e19-bbb0-f8ca214ec95c",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"What does the future hold for lithium-ion battery recycling?",{"_uid":1406,"image":1407,"height":173,"caption":12,"quality":1233,"component":175,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"dfb9e32e-2c81-498d-9d82-76fb63be7f14",{"id":1408,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":1409,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1410,"is_external_url":30},163730401885067,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3500x1969/0a9a7fce91/adobestock_315287877.jpeg",{},{"_uid":1412,"text":1413,"alignment":85,"component":165,"paragraph_size":166},"4feca6a3-ec93-477d-a7d8-53381a4eaa0a",{"type":47,"content":1414},[1415,1427,1439],{"type":50,"attrs":1416,"content":1417},{"textAlign":23},[1418,1419,1425],{"text":444,"type":98},{"text":995,"type":98,"marks":1420},[1421,1423,1424],{"type":103,"attrs":1422},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1426,"type":98}," is set for strong growth, driven by EV adoption, regulation, and improving technologies. Hydrometallurgy currently dominates, while direct recycling shows future promise. Expanding capacity in China, Europe, and North America will be key to meeting demand by 2030.",{"type":50,"attrs":1428,"content":1429},{"textAlign":23},[1430,1432,1437],{"text":1431,"type":98},"Recycling will be central to a circular economy, with the 2040 scrap pool expected to ",{"text":1433,"type":98,"marks":1434},"exceed 1 million tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent",[1435],{"type":435,"attrs":1436},{"color":1078},{"text":1438,"type":98},". Achieving this will require over $150 billion in investment, supported by policy, funding, and advances in recycling technologies.",{"type":50,"attrs":1440,"content":1441},{"textAlign":23},[1442,1444,1451,1453,1459],{"text":1443,"type":98},"Explore ",{"text":1445,"type":98,"marks":1446},"Benchmark's Battery Recycling & Black Mass intelligence",[1447,1449,1450],{"type":103,"attrs":1448},{"href":105,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1452,"type":98}," for comprehensive data, forecasts, and analytics on global battery recycling capacity, black mass pricing, and ",{"text":247,"type":98,"marks":1454},[1455,1457,1458],{"type":103,"attrs":1456},{"href":251,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":106,"linktype":107},{"type":109},{"type":111},{"text":1460,"type":98}," trends.",{"_uid":1462,"buttons":1463,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":285},"125ba0a5-8e3b-462b-b68d-bcc86d0f1919",[1464],{"_uid":1465,"icon":12,"link":1466,"size":41,"label":42,"modal":1467,"theme":43,"component":44,"hide_icon":30,"hubspot_form":1468,"icon_position":1469,"flourish_embed":1470,"hubspot_calendar":1471},"1db1c042-73aa-4ee0-99be-ffbaddb0a4f8",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},[],[],"right",[],[],{"_uid":1473,"content":1474,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":74,"container_width":72,"background_color":407,"vertical_spacing":288},"59788a7e-0f7a-4462-b88b-9885b1ee5645",[1475],{"_uid":1476,"content":1477,"component":286},"911f081d-69b7-45ab-9276-a86b05ce5a13",[1478],{"_uid":1479,"link":1480,"content":1481,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":299,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":299},"3064c383-f863-4a00-a33b-c87617f206d7",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Read More About Lithium ion Battery Recycling",{"_uid":1483,"content":1484,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":74,"container_width":72,"background_color":407,"vertical_spacing":288},"c63cb568-f84e-4061-bc41-7ebca3c95749",[1485],{"_uid":1486,"category":203,"component":1487},"c9c10806-90ac-4326-843c-9c032318c973","BlocksSourceArticlesCarousel",{"_uid":1489,"content":1490,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"container_width":72,"background_color":73,"vertical_spacing":288},"9d83e595-683c-4100-be6c-1ce254dbd050",[1491],{"_uid":1492,"link":1493,"heading":1501,"component":1502,"faq_items":1503,"description":1676},"031559d0-bd9c-4a67-8334-feb92376a1e3",[1494],{"_uid":1495,"link":1496,"label":1499,"component":1500},"4cbf681c-fe0b-48a6-ab9d-6cdbccf4fd87",{"id":1497,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":1498},"4891e495-7c26-4b9b-8799-b82ef95977d3","homepage","Contact Us","DesignButtonLink","General FAQs","BlocksFAQ",[1504,1527,1549,1586,1623],{"_uid":1505,"answer":1506,"opened":15,"question":1525,"component":1526,"existing_faq":12},"53517c81-22f8-4c54-93cf-9eca312fc77a",{"type":47,"content":1507},[1508,1517],{"type":50,"attrs":1509,"content":1510},{"textAlign":23},[1511],{"text":1512,"type":98,"marks":1513},"Lithium ion batteries are recycled through a multi-stage battery recycling process that begins with collection of end-of-life batteries from EVs, consumer electronics, and industrial applications. The batteries are then discharged and dismantled to separate battery packs into individual cells. These cells are mechanically or chemically broken down to produce \"black mass,\" a mixture containing valuable metals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese.",[1514],{"type":435,"attrs":1515},{"color":1516},"#23252C",{"type":50,"attrs":1518,"content":1519},{"textAlign":23},[1520],{"text":1521,"type":98,"marks":1522},"The black mass undergoes further processing using one of three primary battery recycling technologies: hydrometallurgy (chemical dissolution using acids, achieving up to 98% recovery rates), pyrometallurgy (high-temperature smelting at 1400-1700°C), or direct recycling (preserving cathode structures for direct reuse). These processes separate and purify the metals into battery-grade materials like lithium carbonate or nickel sulphate, which can be reintegrated into new battery production, supporting a circular economy in the battery supply chain.",[1523],{"type":435,"attrs":1524},{"color":1516},"How are lithium ion batteries recycled?","DesignFAQItem",{"_uid":1528,"answer":1529,"opened":30,"question":1548,"component":1526,"existing_faq":12},"a6b3bcb2-d3d3-4f66-9c21-16097c7aa262",{"type":47,"content":1530},[1531,1536,1541,1546],{"type":50,"attrs":1532,"content":1533},{"textAlign":23},[1534],{"text":1535,"type":98},"Legislation has become a primary driver shaping the battery recycling industry globally, though regional approaches vary significantly. In Europe, the EU Battery Regulation and Critical Raw Materials Act impose stringent targets that mandate new batteries containing minimum recycled metal content —6% for lithium and nickel, and 16% for cobalt by 2031, increasing to 12%, 15%, and 26% respectively by 2036.",{"type":50,"attrs":1537,"content":1538},{"textAlign":23},[1539],{"text":1540,"type":98},"These regulations also require battery recycling companies to achieve 80% lithium recovery and 95% cobalt/nickel recovery rates by 2031, driving substantial investment in hydrometallurgy and direct recycling technologies. In contrast, the United States lacks comprehensive federal battery legislation, though several states have introduced Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) laws covering EV battery collection and battery recycling.",{"type":50,"attrs":1542,"content":1543},{"textAlign":23},[1544],{"text":1545,"type":98},"The Inflation Reduction Act has provided significant funding for battery recycling infrastructure, though future support faces political uncertainty. China recently made a pivotal regulatory shift by lifting its black mass import ban in August 2025, fundamentally reshaping global black mass recycling trade flows. The country also maintains a \"whitelist\" system for approved battery recycling companies, with 2024 revisions introducing more stringent requirements for lithium recovery rates and environmental standards. Overall, legislation is accelerating battery recycling capacity development, stimulating demand for recycled battery materials, and establishing the regulatory framework necessary for a circular economy in the battery supply chain.",{"type":50,"attrs":1547},{"textAlign":23},"How does legislation impact the battery recycling industry?",{"_uid":1550,"answer":1551,"opened":30,"question":1585,"component":1526},"a37cb044-36d2-4c9d-8ba8-36658a3b0aef",{"type":47,"content":1552},[1553,1561,1569,1577],{"type":50,"attrs":1554,"content":1555},{"textAlign":23},[1556],{"text":1557,"type":98,"marks":1558},"Hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy are the two dominant battery recycling technologies, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Pyrometallurgy uses high-temperature smelting (1400-1700°C) to thermally process end-of-life batteries, burning off organic materials and creating metal alloys primarily containing cobalt, copper, and nickel, while lithium is typically lost to slag. ",[1559],{"type":435,"attrs":1560},{"color":1516},{"type":50,"attrs":1562,"content":1563},{"textAlign":23},[1564],{"text":1565,"type":98,"marks":1566},"This battery recycling process is simple, fast, and can handle mixed battery waste streams without extensive sorting, but it can be highly energy-intensive, and generate significant CO2 emissions (361 tons per kg/t of cobalt), and has traditionally shown lower recovery rates for valuable materials like lithium, although companies have tailored conditions to reduce these effects. In contrast, hydrometallurgy uses chemical leaching with acids or biological solutions to selectively dissolve metals from black mass, achieving recovery rates up to 98% for lithium, nickel, and cobalt. ",[1567],{"type":435,"attrs":1568},{"color":1516},{"type":50,"attrs":1570,"content":1571},{"textAlign":23},[1572],{"text":1573,"type":98,"marks":1574},"This battery recycling method requires less energy, produces minimal air emissions, and can recover a broader range of materials with higher purity suitable for direct reuse in battery production. However, hydrometallurgy generates hazardous wastewater requiring treatment, uses corrosive chemicals, and struggles with variability across different battery chemistries. Many battery recycling companies now employ hybrid approaches combining both technologies to optimize metal recovery while managing environmental impacts. ",[1575],{"type":435,"attrs":1576},{"color":1516},{"type":50,"attrs":1578,"content":1579},{"textAlign":23},[1580],{"text":1581,"type":98,"marks":1582},"Hydrometallurgy is increasingly preferred by newer European and North American recyclers, while pyrometallurgy remains common in established Asian facilities, though even these are being upgraded to improve lithium recovery and reduce carbon footprints.",[1583],{"type":435,"attrs":1584},{"color":1516},"What is black mass in battery recycling?",{"_uid":1587,"answer":1588,"opened":30,"question":1622,"component":1526},"3c1ce239-6500-46c5-9d70-d6b331cd5953",{"type":47,"content":1589},[1590,1598,1606,1614],{"type":50,"attrs":1591,"content":1592},{"textAlign":23},[1593],{"text":1594,"type":98,"marks":1595},"Direct recycling is an emerging battery recycling technology that aims to preserve and regenerate the functional structure of battery cathode and anode materials rather than breaking them down into their elemental components. Unlike hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, which dissolve or smelt batteries to extract raw metals, direct recycling physically separates and refurbishes active cathode materials, supplementing lithium-deficient components or regenerating anode materials to restore their electrochemical performance.",[1596],{"type":435,"attrs":1597},{"color":1516},{"type":50,"attrs":1599,"content":1600},{"textAlign":23},[1601],{"text":1602,"type":98,"marks":1603},"This battery recycling process offers several compelling advantages: it reduces energy consumption by up to 70% compared to conventional methods, produces virtually no wastewater or air emissions, maintains the high-value cathode structure rather than reducing it to commodity metals, and enables recycled battery materials to achieve performance comparable to virgin materials.",[1604],{"type":435,"attrs":1605},{"color":1516},{"type":50,"attrs":1607,"content":1608},{"textAlign":23},[1609],{"text":1610,"type":98,"marks":1611},"These benefits make direct recycling the most environmentally benign and economically attractive battery recycling technology in theory. However, direct recycling remains technologically immature and commercially unproven at scale. The process is highly labour-intensive, requires careful sorting of battery chemistries since each cathode type (NCM, NCA, LFP) needs different regeneration approaches, lacks established industrial infrastructure, and struggles with the variation in degradation states of end-of-life batteries.",[1612],{"type":435,"attrs":1613},{"color":1516},{"type":50,"attrs":1615,"content":1616},{"textAlign":23},[1617],{"text":1618,"type":98,"marks":1619},"Despite these challenges, direct recycling represents the future direction of lithium-ion battery recycling, with potential to achieve near-perfect circular economy loops where cathode materials cycle continuously through battery production and battery recycling with minimal energy input or material losses. Leading battery recycling companies and research institutions are investing heavily in scaling direct recycling technology, though widespread commercial adoption is unlikely before 2030.",[1620],{"type":435,"attrs":1621},{"color":1516},"What is direct recycling and why is it important?",{"_uid":1624,"answer":1625,"opened":30,"question":1675,"component":1526},"c85bc29d-ce03-4388-906b-780f28a8f6a0",{"type":47,"content":1626},[1627,1635,1643,1651,1659,1667],{"type":50,"attrs":1628,"content":1629},{"textAlign":23},[1630],{"text":1631,"type":98,"marks":1632},"Electric vehicle batteries follow multiple pathways when they reach end of life, depending on their remaining capacity and regional infrastructure. First, EV batteries are typically considered at \"end of life\" for automotive use when they retain only 70-80% of their original capacity, which can occur after 150,000-200,000 kilometers or up to 17 years of driving, although with technical advancement battery lifetimes are thought to last even longer. ",[1633],{"type":435,"attrs":1634},{"color":1516},{"type":50,"attrs":1636,"content":1637},{"textAlign":23},[1638],{"text":1639,"type":98,"marks":1640},"At the end of these EV batteries’ first life, they can be refurbished to be used in second-life applications, where they are repurposed for less demanding uses like stationary energy storage systems, grid stabilization, or renewable energy integration. 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