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Although these uses continue to depend on lithium’s heat resistance and chemical properties, they are increasingly overshadowed by surging demand from mobility and energy storage markets.",[607],{"type":170,"attrs":608},{"color":464},{"type":242,"attrs":610,"content":611},{"level":244,"textAlign":23},[612],{"text":613,"type":110,"marks":614},"Where is lithium demand heading?",[615],{"type":170,"attrs":616},{"color":464},{"type":50,"attrs":618,"content":619},{"textAlign":23},[620],{"text":621,"type":110},"Lithium demand is increasingly driven by batteries, highlighting its essential role in decarbonisation. As EV and energy storage deployment grows, its importance lies in being critical to a sustainable energy future.",{"type":50,"attrs":623},{"textAlign":85},{"_uid":625,"buttons":626,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":182},"2db89077-b31f-4c53-8641-876acf3106d3",[627],{"_uid":628,"link":629,"size":41,"label":181,"theme":43,"component":44},"cb6b397d-53ae-48cb-9225-8e3e7c5d63ca",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":631,"content":632,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":74,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":185,"background_color":73,"vertical_spacing":74},"b933aec4-c764-4e8e-b8bf-c9a541071775",[633],{"_uid":634,"content":635,"component":183},"82702412-8392-4cb0-85b8-c6fbe7ab304e",[636,640,682],{"_uid":637,"link":638,"content":639,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":87,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":384},"06eb41d2-146f-4bd4-af57-e3c55234106e",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Refinement & Manufacturing",{"_uid":641,"text":642,"alignment":85,"component":173,"paragraph_size":174},"fe777788-5815-48b0-b961-fb174b355616",{"type":47,"content":643},[644,677],{"type":50,"attrs":645,"content":646},{"textAlign":23},[647,652,660,664,672],{"text":648,"type":110,"marks":649},"After extraction, material enters the refining stage, where China currently dominates with c. 70% of global lithium chemical production. In this stage, producers create lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, the main compounds ",[650],{"type":170,"attrs":651},{"color":214},{"text":653,"type":110,"marks":654},"used by battery manufacturers.",[655,658],{"type":115,"attrs":656},{"href":657,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/battery-gigafactory/supply-chain-data",{"type":170,"attrs":659},{"color":214},{"text":269,"type":110,"marks":661},[662],{"type":170,"attrs":663},{"color":214},{"text":665,"type":110,"marks":666},"Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) ",[667,670],{"type":115,"attrs":668},{"href":669,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/lfp-leads-ncm-evolves-cathode-2024-year-in-review",{"type":170,"attrs":671},{"color":214},{"text":673,"type":110,"marks":674},"batteries typically use lithium carbonate, while nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) chemistries rely on lithium hydroxide for higher energy performance in electric vehicles (EVs).",[675],{"type":170,"attrs":676},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":678,"content":679},{"textAlign":23},[680],{"text":681,"type":110},"Battery-grade lithium moves from refineries to cathode makers, then cell producers, and finally EV or energy storage manufacturers. ",{"_uid":683,"buttons":684,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":182},"1b6424f0-77c3-4e44-97b0-ec2c61674dee",[685],{"_uid":686,"link":687,"size":41,"label":181,"theme":43,"component":44},"50e96fb7-8dd1-41ee-9bc4-66dac052bb5a",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":689,"content":690,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":185,"background_color":73,"vertical_spacing":184},"44be7f3b-de27-45e5-83c9-622362737f78",[691],{"_uid":692,"content":693,"component":183},"a31ade15-597e-45ac-be28-7de082ff52ce",[694,698,714,832],{"_uid":695,"link":696,"content":697,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":91,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":384},"3f7b95cd-7542-4199-8cf7-4c4a95a021b7",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Lithium Prices: Market Dynamics",{"_uid":699,"height":98,"images":700,"component":713},"2cc7b25b-45fd-4afc-9cf6-bbd6b3d882bd",[701,705,709],{"id":702,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":703,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":704},91522441991527,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/1c52b7c277/data-blue.png",{},{"id":706,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":707,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":708},159453219169152,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/6144x3456/aa8c1d55de/adobestock_1649160412.jpeg",{},{"id":710,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":711,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":712},156274532278137,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/5824x3264/59e79fceeb/adobestock_1719906280.jpeg",{},"ContentImagesGrid",{"_uid":715,"text":716,"alignment":85,"component":173,"paragraph_size":174},"5467523b-fd9e-453a-958d-43ab585291b6",{"type":47,"content":717},[718,723,753,761,781,789,797,799,807,827],{"type":242,"attrs":719,"content":720},{"level":244,"textAlign":23},[721],{"text":722,"type":110},"Spot Prices Versus Contract",{"type":50,"attrs":724,"content":725},{"textAlign":23},[726,731,737,742,748],{"text":727,"type":110,"marks":728},"Prices are typically shaped by both spot transactions and longer‑term contracts. ",[729],{"type":170,"attrs":730},{"color":214},{"text":732,"type":110,"marks":733},"Spot",[734,736],{"type":170,"attrs":735},{"color":214},{"type":235},{"text":738,"type":110,"marks":739}," prices adjust rapidly to short‑term changes in supply and demand, while ",[740],{"type":170,"attrs":741},{"color":214},{"text":743,"type":110,"marks":744},"contract",[745,747],{"type":170,"attrs":746},{"color":214},{"type":235},{"text":749,"type":110,"marks":750}," prices offer relative stability for producers and battery manufacturers. Interaction between these mechanisms can amplify volatility as downstream participants modify procurement strategies in line with shifting expectations.",[751],{"type":170,"attrs":752},{"color":214},{"type":242,"attrs":754,"content":755},{"level":244,"textAlign":23},[756],{"text":757,"type":110,"marks":758},"Chinese Impact on Price",[759],{"type":170,"attrs":760},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":762,"content":763},{"textAlign":23},[764,768,776],{"text":210,"type":110,"marks":765},[766],{"type":170,"attrs":767},{"color":214},{"text":769,"type":110,"marks":770},"lithium market",[771,774],{"type":115,"attrs":772},{"href":773,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},"https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/lithium",{"type":170,"attrs":775},{"color":214},{"text":777,"type":110,"marks":778}," has experienced extraordinary price swings in recent years, highlighting its sensitivity to supply fluctuations and evolving demand patterns. ",[779],{"type":170,"attrs":780},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":782,"content":783},{"textAlign":23},[784],{"text":785,"type":110,"marks":786},"Recent price movements have been influenced by production curtailments at some Chinese operations, variable utilisation rates at gigafactories, fluctuating inventory levels throughout the supply chain, and the timing of new supply entering the market.",[787],{"type":170,"attrs":788},{"color":464},{"type":50,"attrs":790,"content":791},{"textAlign":23},[792],{"text":793,"type":110,"marks":794},"China’s lithium carbonate prices reflect this volatility, surging from below US$10,000/t at the start of 2021 to a record high of ~US$80,000/t by the end of 2022, before falling to below US$9,000/t by mid‑2025. These large, rapid shifts underscore a market still in transition, one highly reactive to short‑term sentiment, policy, and production cycles across the battery supply chain.",[795],{"type":170,"attrs":796},{"color":464},{"type":50,"attrs":798},{"textAlign":23},{"type":50,"attrs":800,"content":801},{"textAlign":23},[802],{"text":803,"type":110,"marks":804},"As the market matures, greater transparency, diversified sourcing, and clearer pricing benchmarks are expected to help moderate volatility. Nevertheless, lithium’s strategic importance to EVs and energy storage means price trends will remain a critical influence on investment and supply decisions through the coming decade.",[805],{"type":170,"attrs":806},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":808,"content":809},{"textAlign":23},[810,815,822],{"text":811,"type":110,"marks":812},"Rising output from China and Africa, combined with expansions at Australian hard rock projects and Argentine brine operations, cooled prices through 2025, though uncertainty remains over sustainable production costs and the pace of future demand growth. Into 2026, stronger-than-expected demand from energy stationary storage and depleted lithium inventory levels in China propelled ",[813],{"type":170,"attrs":814},{"color":464},{"text":816,"type":110,"marks":817},"a rally in lithium prices",[818],{"type":115,"attrs":819},{"href":820,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://intelligence.benchmarkminerals.com/article/why-are-lithium-prices-in-china-soaring-this-week","_blank",{"text":823,"type":110,"marks":824}," to over US$25,000/t by the end of April 2026.",[825],{"type":170,"attrs":826},{"color":464},{"type":50,"attrs":828,"content":829},{"textAlign":23},[830],{"text":831,"type":110},"As the market matures, greater transparency, diversified sourcing, and clearer pricing benchmarks are expected to help moderate volatility. Nevertheless, lithium’s strategic importance to EVs and energy storage means price trends will remain a critical influence on investment and supply decisions through the decade ahead.",{"_uid":833,"buttons":834,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":182},"d1d5cef3-41c0-4784-999e-dbccdf6e2f29",[835],{"_uid":836,"link":837,"size":41,"label":840,"theme":43,"component":44},"51677122-7279-4a13-9157-60d88274dc74",{"id":838,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":839},"92d9ace0-526d-4f8d-8e58-ea43ba5d7411","natural-graphite/prices","Learn More About Our Lithium Prices",{"_uid":842,"content":843,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":184,"bottom_spacing":74,"container_width":185,"background_color":373,"vertical_spacing":184},"ec3bdc96-9f28-4a5f-823a-e5441e370e44",[844],{"_uid":845,"content":846,"component":183},"17932b6d-9356-4932-b916-e0e382d5738a",[847,851,857,993],{"_uid":848,"link":849,"content":850,"alignment":85,"component":86,"heading_tag":91,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":384},"ae096b5f-64b9-43f6-a874-e716d8c8556a",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":12},"Lithium Market Outlook",{"_uid":852,"image":853,"height":98,"caption":12,"quality":99,"component":100,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"fe294870-37fe-4415-bf76-aa2bae39774e",{"id":854,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":855,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":856,"is_external_url":30},156625081845986,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/4885x3664/6b67dd1089/adobestock_507764671.jpeg",{},{"_uid":858,"text":859,"alignment":85,"component":173,"paragraph_size":174},"58bb9084-b5b8-4099-b556-f8acbfc32291",{"type":47,"content":860},[861,866,874,906,914,922,930,938,946,954,983,991],{"type":242,"attrs":862,"content":863},{"level":244,"textAlign":23},[864],{"text":865,"type":110},"Global Demand",{"type":50,"attrs":867,"content":868},{"textAlign":23},[869],{"text":870,"type":110,"marks":871},"Global lithium demand is projected to rise sharply over the next decade as electrification gathers pace across: ",[872],{"type":170,"attrs":873},{"color":214},{"type":138,"content":875},[876,886,896],{"type":141,"content":877},[878],{"type":50,"attrs":879,"content":880},{"textAlign":23},[881],{"text":882,"type":110,"marks":883}," Transport",[884],{"type":170,"attrs":885},{"color":214},{"type":141,"content":887},[888],{"type":50,"attrs":889,"content":890},{"textAlign":23},[891],{"text":892,"type":110,"marks":893},"Energy storage",[894],{"type":170,"attrs":895},{"color":214},{"type":141,"content":897},[898],{"type":50,"attrs":899,"content":900},{"textAlign":23},[901],{"text":902,"type":110,"marks":903}," Industrial sectors",[904],{"type":170,"attrs":905},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":907,"content":908},{"textAlign":23},[909],{"text":910,"type":110,"marks":911},"Consumption is expected to increase from c. 1.3m tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in 2025 to almost 4m tonnes by 2035. Meeting this growth will require major investment in new mines, brine projects, and refining capacity, as well as significant advances in processing technology and logistics infrastructure.",[912],{"type":170,"attrs":913},{"color":214},{"type":242,"attrs":915,"content":916},{"level":244,"textAlign":23},[917],{"text":918,"type":110,"marks":919},"Global Supply",[920],{"type":170,"attrs":921},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":923,"content":924},{"textAlign":23},[925],{"text":926,"type":110,"marks":927},"In the near term, the market is well supplied, with capacity expansions in Australia, South America, and Africa broadly keeping pace with rising demand. However, the market is forecast to tighten towards the end of the decade, driven by accelerating electric vehicle (EV) uptake and continued build‑out of battery energy storage systems (BESS). Without sustained project development, supply deficits could re‑emerge before the end of the decade, potentially placing renewed upward pressure on prices.",[928],{"type":170,"attrs":929},{"color":214},{"type":242,"attrs":931,"content":932},{"level":244,"textAlign":23},[933],{"text":934,"type":110,"marks":935},"Geopolitical Influence",[936],{"type":170,"attrs":937},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":939,"content":940},{"textAlign":23},[941],{"text":942,"type":110,"marks":943},"Geopolitical considerations are becoming increasingly significant. Policy initiatives in the US and EU aim to reduce reliance on Chinese processing and strengthen regional battery supply chains. While these measures are stimulating investment in Western lithium resources and conversion capacity, it is expected to take at least a decade to achieve material diversification, given long project lead times and permitting constraints.",[944],{"type":170,"attrs":945},{"color":214},{"type":242,"attrs":947,"content":948},{"level":244,"textAlign":23},[949],{"text":950,"type":110,"marks":951},"The Role of Recycling",[952],{"type":170,"attrs":953},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":955,"content":956},{"textAlign":23},[957,965,970,978],{"text":958,"type":110,"marks":959},"Recycling",[960,963],{"type":115,"attrs":961},{"href":962,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/how-is-europe-progressing-on-its-crma-targets-?_gl=1*1m8j96z*_gcl_au*MTA5NDA5NDY1MC4xNzc4MTUyNjQ3",{"type":170,"attrs":964},{"color":214},{"text":966,"type":110,"marks":967}," is set to play an expanding role in the future supply mix, providing secondary lithium from end‑of‑life EV and energy storage batteries. However, substantial volumes are unlikely to return to the market before the 2030s, as most batteries require eight to 10 years of use before reaching end‑of‑life. By 2040, ",[968],{"type":170,"attrs":969},{"color":214},{"text":971,"type":110,"marks":972},"recycled material ",[973,976],{"type":115,"attrs":974},{"href":975,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/battery-recycling-pool-could-supplement-2040-lithium-supply-with-equivalent-to-30-mines",{"type":170,"attrs":977},{"color":214},{"text":979,"type":110,"marks":980},"is expected to account for more than 30% of global supply, helping to mitigate but not replace the need for new extraction.",[981],{"type":170,"attrs":982},{"color":214},{"type":50,"attrs":984,"content":985},{"textAlign":23},[986],{"text":987,"type":110,"marks":988},"Overall, the outlook points to sustained structural growth, underpinned by the global transition towards low‑carbon mobility and renewable energy systems.",[989],{"type":170,"attrs":990},{"color":214},{"type":242,"attrs":992},{"level":244,"textAlign":85},{"_uid":994,"buttons":995,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":182},"1f4e2a19-07a6-4753-b7da-9c13fc719f6b",[996],{"_uid":997,"link":998,"size":41,"label":181,"theme":43,"component":44},"d14b4f38-ae59-4786-b393-df964046c13e",{"id":37,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":40},{"_uid":1000,"content":1001,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":72,"background_color":373,"vertical_spacing":74},"6a2fd631-64ed-4489-9cbc-85881ddc359b",[],{"_uid":1003,"content":1004,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":72,"background_color":373,"vertical_spacing":185},"43a533ec-d440-4009-899e-678d1b51541b",[1005],{"_uid":1006,"category":1007,"component":1008},"5dd1f87a-f371-4d68-8117-1c8437fe119c","Lithium","BlocksSourceArticlesCarousel",{"_uid":1010,"content":1011,"anchor_id":12,"component":71,"container_width":72,"background_color":73,"vertical_spacing":185},"88ab96ef-2030-45b4-9d52-c16a31af49c4",[1012],{"_uid":1013,"link":1014,"heading":1022,"component":1023,"faq_items":1024,"description":1262},"45d0a31d-686f-4987-b668-540bb22ec1a1",[1015],{"_uid":1016,"link":1017,"label":1020,"component":1021},"ca73557b-0c25-4799-acd0-067e7e78e2c6",{"id":1018,"url":12,"linktype":38,"fieldtype":39,"cached_url":1019},"53ab53ba-fbda-4cf2-8a8f-19dd2efdcd4c","homepage","Contact Us","DesignButtonLink","General FAQs","BlocksFAQ",[1025,1091,1135,1180,1214],{"_uid":1026,"answer":1027,"opened":15,"question":1089,"component":1090,"existing_faq":12},"e516c5e1-5af9-4f16-942e-ca676069cc5c",{"type":47,"content":1028},[1029,1074],{"type":50,"attrs":1030,"content":1031},{"textAlign":23},[1032,1034,1042,1044,1052,1054,1062,1064,1072],{"text":1033,"type":110},"Lithium is the cornerstone element in rechargeable ",{"text":1035,"type":110,"marks":1036},"lithium-ion batteries",[1037,1040,1041],{"type":115,"attrs":1038},{"href":1039,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/us-ev-demand-shift-and-bess-growth-who-deployed-the-most-batteries-in-2025-",{"type":235},{"type":120},{"text":1043,"type":110}," that power ",{"text":1045,"type":110,"marks":1046},"electric vehicles (EVs)",[1047,1050,1051],{"type":115,"attrs":1048},{"href":1049,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/growing-chinese-ev-pack-sizes-help-battery-demand-to-grow-despite-falling-ev-sales",{"type":235},{"type":120},{"text":1053,"type":110},", consumer electronics, and ",{"text":1055,"type":110,"marks":1056},"battery energy storage systems (BESS)",[1057,1060,1061],{"type":115,"attrs":1058},{"href":1059,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/lges-signs-4-3-billion-bess-cell-supply-deal-with-tesla",{"type":235},{"type":120},{"text":1063,"type":110},". Within a lithium-ion cell, lithium-ions move between the ",{"text":1065,"type":110,"marks":1066},"anode and cathode",[1067,1070,1071],{"type":115,"attrs":1068},{"href":1069,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/ronbay-restructures-cathode-production-to-target-us-market",{"type":235},{"type":120},{"text":1073,"type":110}," during charging and discharging, enabling efficient energy storage and release.",{"type":50,"attrs":1075,"content":1076},{"textAlign":23},[1077,1079,1087],{"text":1078,"type":110},"Lithium's combination of low weight, high energy density, and strong electrochemical potential makes it well suited for compact, long‑lasting, and fast‑charging batteries. As electrification expands, ",{"text":1080,"type":110,"marks":1081},"~88% of global lithium consumption",[1082,1085,1086],{"type":115,"attrs":1083},{"href":1084,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/volatile-yet-robust-lithium-q1-2026-price-review",{"type":235},{"type":120},{"text":1088,"type":110}," now goes into battery production a share expected to rise to ~94% by 2035.","What is lithium used for in batteries?","DesignFAQItem",{"_uid":1092,"answer":1093,"opened":30,"question":1134,"component":1090,"existing_faq":12},"5408650a-2a0e-42cf-a060-b14bdae05cd0",{"type":47,"content":1094},[1095],{"type":50,"attrs":1096,"content":1097},{"textAlign":23},[1098,1106,1111,1118,1123,1129],{"text":1099,"type":110,"marks":1100},"Lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) ",[1101,1104],{"type":115,"attrs":1102},{"href":1103,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/benchmark-launches-new-daily-lithium-carbonate-price-indicator",{"type":170,"attrs":1105},{"color":464},{"text":1107,"type":110,"marks":1108},"and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) are the two main refined compounds derived from natural lithium sources. Lithium carbonate is typically produced from brine deposits or conversion of hard-rock feedstock and is used in l",[1109],{"type":170,"attrs":1110},{"color":464},{"text":1112,"type":110,"marks":1113},"ithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries",[1114,1116],{"type":115,"attrs":1115},{"href":669,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},{"type":170,"attrs":1117},{"color":464},{"text":1119,"type":110,"marks":1120},", ceramics, and certain industrial applications. Lithium hydroxide, generally produced from spodumene or mica based hard‑rock feedstock, is favoured for high‑nickel cathode chemistries such as ",[1121],{"type":170,"attrs":1122},{"color":464},{"text":1124,"type":110,"marks":1125},"nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) ",[1126],{"type":115,"attrs":1127},{"href":1128,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":221,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/infographic-regional-trends-in-cathode-production-capacity",{"text":1130,"type":110,"marks":1131}," and as  nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA). These chemistries offer higher energy density and longer driving ranges.",[1132],{"type":170,"attrs":1133},{"color":464},"What's the difference between lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide?",{"_uid":1136,"answer":1137,"opened":30,"question":1179,"component":1090,"existing_faq":12},"609aafe5-b681-4c6c-8fb8-63bb38342a05",{"type":47,"content":1138},[1139,1164],{"type":50,"attrs":1140,"content":1141},{"textAlign":23},[1142,1144,1152,1154,1162],{"text":1143,"type":110},"Lithium occurs naturally in two main geological forms: mineral ores and brine deposits. ",{"text":1145,"type":110,"marks":1146},"Hard‑rock mining",[1147,1150,1151],{"type":115,"attrs":1148},{"href":1149,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/zimbabwe-to-lift-lithium-concentrate-export-ban-with-stringent-conditions",{"type":235},{"type":120},{"text":1153,"type":110},", dominated by Australia, extracts lithium from spodumene or mica deposits and generally involves higher‑cost production. ",{"text":1155,"type":110,"marks":1156},"Brine extraction centred in Chile and Argentina, part of the \"Lithium Triangle\"",[1157,1160,1161],{"type":115,"attrs":1158},{"href":1159,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":821,"linktype":118},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/rio-tinto-secures-financing-package-for-rincon-project-in-argentina",{"type":235},{"type":120},{"text":1163,"type":110}," entails evaporating lithium‑rich brine over 12–18 months in large ponds, typically at lower production cost.",{"type":50,"attrs":1165,"content":1166},{"textAlign":23},[1167,1169,1177],{"text":1168,"type":110},"Emerging clay deposits, notably in the US and Mexico, together with new direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies, are expected to broaden supply options in the coming years. 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