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By increasing nickel content in cathode chemistries notably nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) and nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) battery manufacturers can store more energy per unit, extending the range of electric vehicles (EVs).",[130],{"type":124,"attrs":131},{"color":126},{"type":50,"attrs":133,"content":134},{"textAlign":23},[135],{"text":136,"type":115,"marks":137},"Among battery metals, nickel presents one of the most complex supply-chain challenges. Demand for battery-grade material is expanding faster than for conventional industrial uses, reshaping the global market structure.",[138],{"type":124,"attrs":139},{"color":126},{"type":141,"attrs":142,"content":144},"heading",{"level":143,"textAlign":86},3,[145],{"text":146,"type":115},"How is the nickel market structured?",{"type":50,"attrs":148,"content":149},{"textAlign":86},[150,152,157],{"text":151,"type":115},"The nickel market remains divided between its established industrial base chiefly ",{"text":153,"type":115,"marks":154},"stainless‑steel production",[155],{"type":156},"underline",{"text":158,"type":115},", which continues to account for roughly two‑thirds of global demand  and the rapidly expanding battery segment. However, not all nickel products are suitable for energy storage applications.",{"type":50,"attrs":160,"content":161},{"textAlign":86},[162],{"text":163,"type":115},"The key distinction lies between: ",{"type":165,"content":166},"bullet_list",[167,181],{"type":168,"content":169},"list_item",[170],{"type":50,"attrs":171,"content":172},{"textAlign":86},[173,179],{"text":174,"type":115,"marks":175},"Class 1 nickel",[176,178],{"type":118,"attrs":177},{"href":120,"uuid":121,"anchor":23,"target":122,"linktype":63},{"type":156},{"text":180,"type":115},", the high‑purity form for battery chemicals.",{"type":168,"content":182},[183],{"type":50,"attrs":184,"content":185},{"textAlign":86},[186,195],{"text":187,"type":115,"marks":188},"Class 2 nickel",[189,192,194],{"type":118,"attrs":190},{"href":191,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/struggling-nickel-miners-press-for-alternative-pricing-mechanisms",{"type":193},"bold",{"type":156},{"text":196,"type":115},", used mainly in stainless steel and alloy production.",{"type":50,"attrs":198,"content":199},{"textAlign":86},[200,202,210],{"text":201,"type":115},"The consolidation of refining capacity in ",{"text":203,"type":115,"marks":204},"Indonesia",[205,208,209],{"type":118,"attrs":206},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/sustainability-key-to-diversifying-indonesian-nickel-investment-pt-vale-indonesia-tells-benchmarks-giga-apac-conference",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":211,"type":115}," has increasingly blurred the boundary between these two classes, as lower‑grade feedstock can now be converted into battery‑appropriate products relatively easily in response to rising demand.",{"type":141,"attrs":213,"content":214},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[215],{"text":216,"type":115},"Where does nickel come from and how is it processed?",{"type":50,"attrs":218,"content":219},{"textAlign":86},[220],{"text":221,"type":115,"marks":222},"Nickel occurs in two primary ore types: Laterite and Sulphide. ",[223],{"type":124,"attrs":224},{"color":225},"#000000",{"type":227,"attrs":228,"content":230},"ordered_list",{"order":229},1,[231,263],{"type":168,"content":232},[233],{"type":50,"attrs":234,"content":235},{"textAlign":23},[236,245,250,258],{"text":237,"type":115,"marks":238},"Laterite deposits",[239,241,244],{"type":118,"attrs":240},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":23,"linktype":39},{"type":124,"attrs":242},{"color":243},"#1F62E7",{"type":156},{"text":246,"type":115,"marks":247},", found widely across Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Caledonia, are typically lower grade (1%–2%) and require energy‑intensive processing via ",[248],{"type":124,"attrs":249},{"color":225},{"text":251,"type":115,"marks":252},"pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical ",[253,256],{"type":118,"attrs":254},{"href":255,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":122,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/what-is-the-state-of-direct-recycling-",{"type":124,"attrs":257},{"color":225},{"text":259,"type":115,"marks":260},"routes to produce material suitable for either battery supply chains or traditional steel markets.",[261],{"type":124,"attrs":262},{"color":225},{"type":168,"content":264},[265],{"type":50,"attrs":266,"content":267},{"textAlign":23},[268,273,278],{"text":269,"type":115,"marks":270},"Sulphide ores, located mainly in Canada, Russia, and Australia, are higher grade (0.5%–3%) and easier to process into high‑purity material. 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Following the implementation of an ore export ban in 2020 and significant downstream refining investment, Indonesia now accounts for ~60% of global refined nickel output, reshaping both physical trade flows and pricing dynamics. ",[522],{"type":124,"attrs":523},{"color":225},{"type":50,"attrs":525,"content":526},{"textAlign":86},[527,532,536],{"text":528,"type":115,"marks":529},"The country's vast ",[530],{"type":124,"attrs":531},{"color":225},{"text":533,"type":115,"marks":534},"laterite resources",[535],{"type":156},{"text":537,"type":115,"marks":538}," yield lower‑grade ore (typically around 1%–2% nickel) that can be processed through multiple routes, supporting both the traditional stainless‑steel industry and the fast‑growing battery materials sector.",[539],{"type":124,"attrs":540},{"color":225},{"type":141,"attrs":542,"content":543},{"level":143,"textAlign":23},[544],{"text":545,"type":115},"How is Indonesia reshaping nickel processing?",{"type":50,"attrs":547,"content":548},{"textAlign":86},[549,554,558,563,570],{"text":550,"type":115,"marks":551},"Historically, most Indonesian laterite has been smelted into ferronickel or nickel pig iron (NPI), essential feedstock for stainless‑steel manufacturing. 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Although Class 1 nickel (notably nickel briquettes) can be converted into battery‑grade sulphate, the additional processing stages increase costs compared with Indonesia's laterite‑derived feedstock. ",{"type":50,"attrs":597,"content":598},{"textAlign":86},[599,601,609],{"text":600,"type":115},"As a result, conventional metal producers are ",{"text":602,"type":115,"marks":603},"losing competitiveness",[604,607,608],{"type":118,"attrs":605},{"href":606,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/nickel-miners-struggle-amid-falling-prices-supply-glut",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":610,"type":115}," in supplying the battery sector. Policy frameworks in the US and EU offer incentives for regional refining and sulphate production, but progress remains slow due to technical complexity, high capital cost, and lengthy permitting timelines.",{"type":141,"attrs":612,"content":613},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[614],{"text":615,"type":115},"What does this mean for the global nickel market?",{"type":50,"attrs":617,"content":618},{"textAlign":86},[619,621,625,627,635],{"text":620,"type":115},"This divergence has created a structural disconnect between the traditional Class 1 metal market and the expanding battery‑grade segment. Output of low‑cost nickel sulphate from Indonesia and China continued to increase while ",{"text":622,"type":115,"marks":623},"London Metal Exchange (LME) inventories",[624],{"type":156},{"text":626,"type":115}," of Class 1 nickel rose and benchmark prices weakened. The contrast became clear after the ",{"text":628,"type":115,"marks":629},"2022 nickel short squeeze",[630,633,634],{"type":118,"attrs":631},{"href":632,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/historic-nickel-rally-shuts-down-lme-and-places-tsingshan-in-the-spotlight",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":636,"type":115},", when prices spiked amid liquidity pressure before falling sharply through 2023-2025 as new Indonesian capacity came online.",{"type":50,"attrs":638,"content":639},{"textAlign":86},[640],{"text":641,"type":115},"Given its leading position in the nickel supply chain, the Indonesian government has since sought to reign in a growingly oversupplied market to stabilise prices and state revenues. Since 2025, a number of policies have been enacted to increase royalties and control output by capping nickel ore production quotas, also known as RKABs.",{"type":50,"attrs":643,"content":644},{"textAlign":23},[645],{"text":646,"type":115},"From mine to cathode, the nickel supply chain now reflects a decisive eastward shift in industrial geography. Control over intermediates refining capacity - rather than mined tonnage - has become the key source of market dominance, positioning Indonesia and China at the centre of the global nickel battery materials economy.",{"_uid":648,"buttons":649,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":369},"f0b14bd1-cae2-4d39-979a-508171b526da",[650],{"_uid":651,"link":652,"size":41,"label":368,"theme":43,"component":44},"c15119f0-28bc-477a-9405-9e13a20854ac",{"id":121,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":367},{"_uid":654,"content":655,"anchor_id":12,"component":72,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":372,"background_color":74,"vertical_spacing":371},"4da34d59-2f96-47c5-8734-73817c4b6728",[656],{"_uid":657,"content":658,"component":370},"69d2a58c-1c6f-4361-948b-11bb453ba863",[659,663,679,805],{"_uid":660,"link":661,"content":662,"alignment":86,"component":87,"heading_tag":383,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":493},"7d1489a7-1079-44bf-8ec3-cf68c2213e75",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"Nickel in batteries: the high-nickel trend",{"_uid":664,"height":103,"images":665,"component":678},"8e4ae8d2-0ed2-49c9-839d-9c76f802c993",[666,670,674],{"id":667,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":668,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":669},91522441991527,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/3840x2160/1c52b7c277/data-blue.png",{},{"id":671,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":672,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":673},133649743264597,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/4096x2296/bebca87284/graphite.jpg",{},{"id":675,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":676,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":677},163710801596702,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/5460x3072/0268bf52fd/adobestock_1861248159.jpeg",{},"ContentImagesGrid",{"_uid":680,"text":681,"alignment":86,"component":95,"paragraph_size":96},"054f01ea-0699-4986-8f02-7a7a2b8fde5b",{"type":47,"content":682},[683,694,699,704,724,732,737,752,757,762,777,782,795,800],{"type":50,"attrs":684,"content":685},{"textAlign":86},[686,688,692],{"text":687,"type":115},"Nickel plays a central role in improving the performance of modern lithium ion batteries, particularly in the pursuit of greater energy density and longer driving range in ",{"text":689,"type":115,"marks":690},"electric vehicles (EVs)",[691],{"type":156},{"text":693,"type":115},". ",{"type":50,"attrs":695,"content":696},{"textAlign":86},[697],{"text":698,"type":115},"As manufacturers work to extend range and reduce cost per kilowatt hour, battery formulations have steadily increased nickel content - a development often referred to as the \"high‑nickel\" trend.",{"type":141,"attrs":700,"content":701},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[702],{"text":703,"type":115},"How is nickel content increasing in battery chemistries?",{"type":50,"attrs":705,"content":706},{"textAlign":86},[707,712,719],{"text":708,"type":115,"marks":709},"This progression is most evident in ",[710],{"type":124,"attrs":711},{"color":225},{"text":713,"type":115,"marks":714},"nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) cathodes",[715,718],{"type":118,"attrs":716},{"href":717,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/ncm-and-lfp-the-battle-for-cathode-chemistry-dominance",{"type":156},{"text":720,"type":115,"marks":721},", which have advanced from the early NMC 111 formulation -equal parts nickel, manganese, and cobalt - to NMC 622, NMC 811, and now emerging \"9‑series\" variants containing more than 90% nickel. ",[722],{"type":124,"attrs":723},{"color":225},{"type":50,"attrs":725,"content":726},{"textAlign":86},[727],{"text":728,"type":115,"marks":729},"Higher nickel content provides greater specific energy, enabling longer range for the same battery capacity. However, this shift carries trade‑offs: high‑nickel cathodes are less thermally stable than lower‑nickel or cobalt‑rich versions and require precise manufacturing, coating, and temperature control to minimise degradation and mitigate thermal runaway risk.",[730],{"type":124,"attrs":731},{"color":225},{"type":141,"attrs":733,"content":734},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[735],{"text":736,"type":115},"What role do NCA batteries play in high-nickel demand?",{"type":50,"attrs":738,"content":739},{"textAlign":86},[740,744,746,750],{"text":741,"type":115,"marks":742},"Nickel cobalt aluminium (NCA) batteries",[743],{"type":156},{"text":745,"type":115},", produced primarily by Panasonic for Tesla, represent another high‑nickel system. With 80%–90% nickel content, ",{"text":747,"type":115,"marks":748},"NCA cells",[749],{"type":156},{"text":751,"type":115}," achieve some of the highest energy densities in the EV sector. ",{"type":50,"attrs":753,"content":754},{"textAlign":86},[755],{"text":756,"type":115},"Their performance, however, depends on rigorous quality control across all production stages and access to ultra‑pure raw materials - underscoring the technical complexities of scaling these advanced chemistries.",{"type":141,"attrs":758,"content":759},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[760],{"text":761,"type":115},"How is LFP changing nickel demand?",{"type":50,"attrs":763,"content":764},{"textAlign":86},[765,767,775],{"text":766,"type":115},"The rise of ",{"text":768,"type":115,"marks":769},"lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries",[770,773,774],{"type":118,"attrs":771},{"href":772,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/lfp-leads-ncm-evolves-cathode-2024-year-in-review",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":776,"type":115}," has tempered the momentum of this trend. LFP chemistries contain no nickel or cobalt and accounted for almost 60% of global battery production in 2025, particularly in lower‑cost and short‑range models. Each additional LFP unit effectively represents a reduction in potential nickel demand, narrowing the market for high‑nickel cathodes.",{"type":141,"attrs":778,"content":779},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[780],{"text":781,"type":115},"What are the risks and challenges of nickel dependence?",{"type":50,"attrs":783,"content":784},{"textAlign":86},[785,787,793],{"text":786,"type":115},"For the industry, \"nickelification\" presents both opportunity and risk. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) favour nickel‑rich chemistries to maximise energy density and driving range, yet the ",{"text":513,"type":115,"marks":788},[789,791,792],{"type":118,"attrs":790},{"href":517,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":794,"type":115}," remains one of the most concentrated in the battery ecosystem. ",{"type":50,"attrs":796,"content":797},{"textAlign":86},[798],{"text":799,"type":115},"Indonesia dominates mined and intermediate output, while China controls most chemical conversion into nickel sulphate. This concentration, combined with refining bottlenecks and persistent price volatility, makes nickel the most exposure‑prone element in the battery raw materials mix.",{"type":50,"attrs":801,"content":802},{"textAlign":23},[803],{"text":804,"type":115},"As EV adoption accelerates, balancing the demand for high‑nickel performance with the need for diversified, sustainable, and cost‑competitive supply will remain a defining strategic challenge for battery manufacturers and automakers.",{"_uid":806,"buttons":807,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":369},"7f622733-03c2-4b54-8651-97610a86ef02",[808],{"_uid":809,"link":810,"size":41,"label":368,"theme":43,"component":44},"a1944727-80c3-423a-b49e-8131e99e8778",{"id":121,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":367},{"_uid":812,"content":813,"anchor_id":12,"component":72,"top_spacing":371,"bottom_spacing":75,"container_width":372,"background_color":462,"vertical_spacing":371},"20d6dac0-2b7b-4ee1-9925-d1c697a3fc8a",[814],{"_uid":815,"content":816,"component":370},"c9e07850-c953-44d1-bcab-33db83f38e7e",[817,821,827,979],{"_uid":818,"link":819,"content":820,"alignment":86,"component":87,"heading_tag":383,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":493},"d5188900-a182-4917-ad4c-9501908586ce",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"Nickel prices: LME vs nickel sulphate",{"_uid":822,"image":823,"height":103,"caption":12,"quality":104,"component":105,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"46a7eda7-9f73-4ef4-97e4-56c05f5cf999",{"id":824,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":825,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":826,"is_external_url":30},163710801600799,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/5472x3648/1d1782b82d/adobestock_334204845.jpeg",{},{"_uid":828,"text":829,"alignment":86,"component":95,"paragraph_size":96},"fda3aac8-0ee9-4050-bd24-10c8605f8fc5",{"type":47,"content":830},[831,836,853,858,882,902,927,929,934,958,963,977],{"type":141,"attrs":832,"content":833},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[834],{"text":835,"type":115},"How is nickel priced across different markets?",{"type":50,"attrs":837,"content":838},{"textAlign":86},[839,841,845,847,851],{"text":840,"type":115},"Nickel now trades across two parallel markets that serve distinct end‑uses and operate under different dynamics. The ",{"text":842,"type":115,"marks":843},"London Metal Exchange (LME) price",[844],{"type":156},{"text":846,"type":115}," remains the global benchmark for high‑purity (>99.8%) refined nickel metal. In contrast, the ",{"text":848,"type":115,"marks":849},"nickel sulphate market",[850],{"type":156},{"text":852,"type":115},", which supplies battery and cathode manufacturers, reflects the cost of refined chemical feedstock used in lithium ion battery production.",{"type":141,"attrs":854,"content":855},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[856],{"text":857,"type":115},"Why do LME and nickel sulphate prices diverge?",{"type":50,"attrs":859,"content":860},{"textAlign":86},[861,863,870,872,880],{"text":862,"type":115},"The divergence between these markets became clear during the ",{"text":864,"type":115,"marks":865},"March 2022 LME short squeeze",[866,868,869],{"type":118,"attrs":867},{"href":632,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":871,"type":115},", when disorderly trading pushed ",{"text":873,"type":115,"marks":874},"nickel prices",[875,878,879],{"type":118,"attrs":876},{"href":877,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/nickel-price-surges-by-60-as-russias-invasion-deals-further-blow-to-battery-costs",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":881,"type":115}," briefly above US$100,000/t, forcing the exchange to suspend trading and cancel transactions. The event highlighted how the financialised LME benchmark can become detached from the underlying fundamentals of the battery sector.",{"type":50,"attrs":883,"content":884},{"textAlign":23},[885,893,895,900],{"text":886,"type":115,"marks":887},"Nickel sulphate prices",[888,891,892],{"type":118,"attrs":889},{"href":890,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/nickel-prices-q3-2025-review-china-restocking-lifts-sulphate-and-mhp-as-lme-oversupply-persists",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":894,"type":115}," are assessed using independent benchmarks, including ",{"text":896,"type":115,"marks":897},"Benchmark's IOSCO‑assured price assessments",[898],{"type":118,"attrs":899},{"href":457,"uuid":458,"anchor":23,"target":122,"linktype":63},{"text":901,"type":115}," for CIF Asia and domestic China. They are generally linked to the LME nickel price, trading at a premium to reflect conversion and refining costs. ",{"type":50,"attrs":903,"content":904},{"textAlign":23},[905,907,915,917,925],{"text":906,"type":115},"However, deviations frequently occur as supply‑chain dynamics shift. For example, the rapid expansion of Indonesian ",{"text":908,"type":115,"marks":909},"high‑pressure acid leach (HPAL) projects",[910,913,914],{"type":118,"attrs":911},{"href":912,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/benchmark-launches-nickel-industrys-first-mixed-hydroxide-precipitate-mhp-price",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":916,"type":115}," producing ",{"text":918,"type":115,"marks":919},"mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP)",[920,923,924],{"type":118,"attrs":921},{"href":922,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/faltering-trust-in-the-lme-leads-to-new-mhp-nickel-pricing-methods",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":926,"type":115}," - used as a feedstock for nickel sulphate - has, at times, exerted downward pressure on chemical prices even as LME inventories and metal values moved differently.",{"type":50,"attrs":928},{"textAlign":23},{"type":141,"attrs":930,"content":931},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[932],{"text":933,"type":115},"What drives nickel prices today?",{"type":50,"attrs":935,"content":936},{"textAlign":86},[937,939,947,949,956],{"text":938,"type":115},"Key price drivers for both markets include Indonesian output changes, export policies, and new refinery capacity; ",{"text":940,"type":115,"marks":941},"stainless‑steel demand",[942,945,946],{"type":118,"attrs":943},{"href":944,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/nickel-demand-for-batteries-to-overtake-stainless-steel-in-late-2030s",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":948,"type":115},", which continues to account for ~70% of total nickel consumption; and ",{"text":950,"type":115,"marks":951},"battery demand",[952,954,955],{"type":118,"attrs":953},{"href":568,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":957,"type":115},", which fluctuates with global electric vehicle (EV) production cycles. ",{"type":50,"attrs":959,"content":960},{"textAlign":86},[961],{"text":962,"type":115},"Rising LME inventories generally signal oversupply in the metal market, weighing on prices, while tightening sulphate availability from refinery bottlenecks or rapid EV growth can lift premiums for battery feedstock.",{"type":50,"attrs":964,"content":965},{"textAlign":23},[966,968,975],{"text":967,"type":115},"While the LME remains the primary global reference, the battery industry increasingly views ",{"text":969,"type":115,"marks":970},"nickel sulphate pricing",[971,973,974],{"type":118,"attrs":972},{"href":591,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":976,"type":115}," as a more accurate indicator of real‑world market conditions reflecting the economics of the fast‑evolving clean‑energy supply chains.",{"type":50,"attrs":978},{"textAlign":86},{"_uid":980,"buttons":981,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":369},"5a046b10-ebf6-4a38-b253-143983518ecf",[982],{"_uid":983,"link":984,"size":41,"label":368,"theme":43,"component":44},"5c1016ce-3815-43e6-9a9c-d609b4ac82f0",{"id":121,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":367},{"_uid":986,"content":987,"anchor_id":12,"component":72,"top_spacing":372,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":372,"background_color":462,"vertical_spacing":371},"a935ddcf-4c50-4f25-95ba-76065e90f3de",[988],{"_uid":989,"content":990,"component":370},"705d951a-2f6d-4540-bd95-98b64d84be2a",[991,995,1002,1127],{"_uid":992,"link":993,"content":994,"alignment":86,"component":87,"heading_tag":383,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":493},"e1afd970-9151-4fe0-82f6-b3d26d5e5279",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"Nickel market outlook",{"_uid":996,"image":997,"height":103,"caption":12,"quality":1001,"component":105,"fit_image":30,"no_lazy_load":30,"caption_center_align":30,"rounded_image_corners":15},"06f4992d-7a95-4a67-9d73-d273f8d287ef",{"id":998,"alt":12,"name":12,"focus":12,"title":12,"source":12,"filename":999,"copyright":12,"fieldtype":24,"meta_data":1000,"is_external_url":30},133649743186768,"https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/4096x2572/197545ec01/additional-markets.jpg",{},"90",{"_uid":1003,"text":1004,"alignment":86,"component":95,"paragraph_size":96},"680231df-cb5b-4fae-830f-f7b34b3a756b",{"type":47,"content":1005},[1006,1020,1034,1039,1052,1075,1086,1091,1110,1125],{"type":50,"attrs":1007,"content":1008},{"textAlign":86},[1009,1011,1018],{"text":1010,"type":115},"Nickel demand from the ",{"text":1012,"type":115,"marks":1013},"battery sector",[1014,1016,1017],{"type":118,"attrs":1015},{"href":568,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1019,"type":115}," is expected to almost triple over the next decade, reaching ~1.5m t by 2035. Growth will be driven by rising EV production and wider adoption of high‑energy‑density batteries for long‑range and premium models. ",{"type":50,"attrs":1021,"content":1022},{"textAlign":86},[1023,1025,1032],{"text":1024,"type":115},"The battery sector's share of total nickel demand is forecast to increase from 16% today to 27% by 2035. ",{"text":1026,"type":115,"marks":1027},"Stainless steel",[1028,1030,1031],{"type":118,"attrs":1029},{"href":944,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1033,"type":115},", however, will remain the largest end‑use segment.",{"type":141,"attrs":1035,"content":1036},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[1037],{"text":1038,"type":115},"Can supply keep pace with rising battery demand?",{"type":50,"attrs":1040,"content":1041},{"textAlign":86},[1042,1044,1050],{"text":1043,"type":115},"On the supply side, expansion is set to match demand growth. Indonesia, already the world's leading nickel producer, is pursuing an aggressive build‑out of ",{"text":908,"type":115,"marks":1045},[1046,1048,1049],{"type":118,"attrs":1047},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1051,"type":115}," and integrated industrial parks. ",{"type":50,"attrs":1053,"content":1054},{"textAlign":86},[1055,1057,1065,1067,1073],{"text":1056,"type":115},"The pipeline of new capacity exceeds projected demand growth, heightening the risk of persistent ",{"text":1058,"type":115,"marks":1059},"oversupply",[1060,1063,1064],{"type":118,"attrs":1061},{"href":1062,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/more-than-20-of-nickel-supply-loss-making-at-current-prices-benchmark-analysis-shows",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1066,"type":115}," through the remainder of the decade -particularly if ",{"text":768,"type":115,"marks":1068},[1069,1071,1072],{"type":118,"attrs":1070},{"href":772,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1074,"type":115}," continue to gain market share. LFP chemistries, which do not require nickel, are increasingly favoured by Chinese manufacturers for low‑cost, mass‑market EVs.",{"type":50,"attrs":1076,"content":1077},{"textAlign":23},[1078,1080,1084],{"text":1079,"type":115},"By contrast, Western OEMs including General Motors, Ford, and BMW remain focused on ",{"text":1081,"type":115,"marks":1082},"high‑nickel cathode chemistries",[1083],{"type":156},{"text":1085,"type":115}," such as NCM and NCA to meet performance and range requirements. This regional divergence will continue to define nickel demand dynamics through the next decade.",{"type":141,"attrs":1087,"content":1088},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},[1089],{"text":1090,"type":115},"How will recycling and policy shape nickel supply?",{"type":50,"attrs":1092,"content":1093},{"textAlign":86},[1094,1102,1104,1108],{"text":1095,"type":115,"marks":1096},"Recycling",[1097,1100,1101],{"type":118,"attrs":1098},{"href":1099,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/what-is-black-mass-and-how-is-it-priced",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1103,"type":115}," is set to play a greater role in supply. With recovery rates above 95%, nickel is the most valuable element recovered from end‑of‑life batteries. ",{"text":1105,"type":115,"marks":1106},"Recycled material",[1107],{"type":156},{"text":1109,"type":115}," is projected to meet ~24% of battery‑sector nickel demand by 2035, helping to relieve pressure on primary supply.",{"type":50,"attrs":1111,"content":1112},{"textAlign":23},[1113,1115,1123],{"text":1114,"type":115},"Geopolitical and policy factors will also shape the market. The US and Europe are working to reduce reliance on Chinese‑owned production. Western governments have introduced policies supporting ",{"text":1116,"type":115,"marks":1117},"domestic processing",[1118,1121,1122],{"type":118,"attrs":1119},{"href":1120,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/us-department-of-defense-awards-110-million-to-boost-lithium-and-nickel-mining",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1124,"type":115},", but new capacity will take years to develop and require substantial investment, constraining near‑term diversification.",{"type":141,"attrs":1126},{"level":143,"textAlign":86},{"_uid":1128,"buttons":1129,"vertical":30,"alignment":58,"component":369},"69caba3c-e23c-4796-9c0c-434b4a8951a9",[1130],{"_uid":1131,"icon":12,"link":1132,"size":41,"label":368,"modal":1133,"theme":43,"component":44,"hide_icon":30,"hubspot_form":1134,"icon_position":1135,"flourish_embed":1136,"hubspot_calendar":1137},"05c198a2-b113-4857-a572-45625c6be0e2",{"id":121,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":367},[],[],"right",[],[],{"_uid":1139,"content":1140,"anchor_id":12,"component":72,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":75,"container_width":73,"background_color":462,"vertical_spacing":372},"22b127d9-b807-4d82-aaca-20a1fe2ddf7a",[1141],{"_uid":1142,"content":1143,"component":370},"0688f026-ff88-467d-88f5-31df6e21cda1",[1144],{"_uid":1145,"link":1146,"content":1147,"alignment":86,"component":87,"heading_tag":383,"left_border":30,"sub_heading":12,"heading_size":383},"9d762949-cb7b-42ac-964a-e706ddac6c0e",{"id":12,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":12},"Read More About Nickel",{"_uid":1149,"content":1150,"anchor_id":12,"component":72,"top_spacing":12,"bottom_spacing":12,"container_width":73,"background_color":462,"vertical_spacing":372},"b15a4862-6955-4b59-aefb-33922a3ba4fa",[1151],{"_uid":1152,"category":114,"component":1153},"7367a0e5-8611-484e-b49e-8742b0574207","BlocksSourceArticlesCarousel",{"_uid":1155,"content":1156,"anchor_id":12,"component":72,"container_width":73,"background_color":74,"vertical_spacing":372},"bc0b4803-93b9-4423-a311-94e5cb9d9033",[1157],{"_uid":1158,"link":1159,"heading":1167,"component":1168,"faq_items":1169,"description":1396},"40f82927-8f00-4360-a860-dafe98f25c19",[1160],{"_uid":1161,"link":1162,"label":1165,"component":1166},"5add6a5c-49d8-4b32-a3d2-31c0cc3f9f01",{"id":1163,"url":12,"linktype":63,"fieldtype":40,"cached_url":1164},"4891e495-7c26-4b9b-8799-b82ef95977d3","homepage","Contact Us","DesignButtonLink","General FAQs","BlocksFAQ",[1170,1206,1259,1309,1348],{"_uid":1171,"answer":1172,"opened":15,"question":1204,"component":1205,"existing_faq":12},"dc372906-961f-464e-a4d4-2068e0079d6c",{"type":47,"content":1173},[1174,1185],{"type":50,"attrs":1175,"content":1176},{"textAlign":23},[1177,1183],{"text":174,"type":115,"marks":1178},[1179,1181,1182],{"type":118,"attrs":1180},{"href":591,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1184,"type":115}," refers to high‑purity material containing at least 99.8% nickel. It is produced mainly from sulphide ores through refining or hydrometallurgical processes and is suitable for battery manufacturing and high‑grade alloys.",{"type":50,"attrs":1186,"content":1187},{"textAlign":23},[1188,1194,1196,1202],{"text":187,"type":115,"marks":1189},[1190,1192,1193],{"type":118,"attrs":1191},{"href":191,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1195,"type":115}," has lower purity, typically 75%–99%, and includes products such as ferronickel and nickel pig iron (NPI). This material is primarily used in ",{"text":153,"type":115,"marks":1197},[1198,1200,1201],{"type":118,"attrs":1199},{"href":944,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1203,"type":115},", where ultra‑high purity is not required.","What's the difference between Class 1 and Class 2 nickel?","DesignFAQItem",{"_uid":1207,"answer":1208,"opened":30,"question":1258,"component":1205,"existing_faq":12},"76e04119-26a5-4aa1-9c23-424ef70c71d9",{"type":47,"content":1209},[1210,1244],{"type":50,"attrs":1211,"content":1212},{"textAlign":23},[1213,1215,1223,1225,1232,1234,1242],{"text":1214,"type":115},"Nickel plays a vital role in ",{"text":1216,"type":115,"marks":1217},"lithium‑ion batteries",[1218,1221,1222],{"type":118,"attrs":1219},{"href":1220,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/nickel-the-often-forgotten-battery-metal",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1224,"type":115}," that use nickel‑based chemistries such as ",{"text":1226,"type":115,"marks":1227},"NCM (nickel cobalt manganese)",[1228,1230,1231],{"type":118,"attrs":1229},{"href":717,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1233,"type":115}," and ",{"text":1235,"type":115,"marks":1236},"NCA (nickel cobalt aluminium)",[1237,1240,1241],{"type":118,"attrs":1238},{"href":1239,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/nickel-v-cobalt-the-secret-ev-battle-for-the-lithium-ion-battery",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1243,"type":115},". Increasing nickel content in the cathode raises energy density, enabling vehicles to travel further on a single charge. It also allows for smaller battery packs and reduces reliance on cobalt a higher‑cost material with supply‑chain constraints.",{"type":50,"attrs":1245,"content":1246},{"textAlign":23},[1247,1249,1256],{"text":1248,"type":115},"High‑nickel formulations are therefore essential for premium and long‑range EVs, while ",{"text":1250,"type":115,"marks":1251},"lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry",[1252,1254,1255],{"type":118,"attrs":1253},{"href":772,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1257,"type":115}," remains the preferred option for lower‑range, cost‑sensitive models.","Why is nickel important for EV batteries?",{"_uid":1260,"answer":1261,"opened":30,"question":1308,"component":1205,"existing_faq":12},"88bd83a1-3af7-43c4-93cf-0f0bbbb943c5",{"type":47,"content":1262},[1263,1303],{"type":50,"attrs":1264,"content":1265},{"textAlign":23},[1266,1268,1274,1276,1282,1284,1291,1293,1301],{"text":1267,"type":115},"High‑purity nickel metal production (Class 1) is geographically concentrated. Canada, Australia, and Russia have long supplied sulphide‑based Class 1 nickel, while ",{"text":203,"type":115,"marks":1269},[1270,1272,1273],{"type":118,"attrs":1271},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1275,"type":115}," is rapidly expanding refining capacity through new ",{"text":908,"type":115,"marks":1277},[1278,1280,1281],{"type":118,"attrs":1279},{"href":912,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1283,"type":115}," capable of producing ",{"text":918,"type":115,"marks":1285},[1286,1289,1290],{"type":118,"attrs":1287},{"href":1288,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/nickel-intermediate-tightness-to-underpin-elevated-mhp-payables-into-q4",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1292,"type":115}," a precursor for ",{"text":1294,"type":115,"marks":1295},"nickel sulphate",[1296,1299,1300],{"type":118,"attrs":1297},{"href":1298,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/indonesia-moves-up-the-nickel-value-chain-with-huayou-nickel-sulphate-plant",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1302,"type":115},", the nickel compound used in battery manufacturing.",{"type":50,"attrs":1304,"content":1305},{"textAlign":23},[1306],{"text":1307,"type":115},"China dominates the conversion and refining stages, processing intermediate materials into battery‑ready products. Western nations are incentivising new refining projects to enhance supply security and reduce reliance on Asian processing hubs.","Where is battery-grade nickel produced?",{"_uid":1310,"answer":1311,"opened":30,"question":1347,"component":1205},"ce83c035-b6cc-4e76-883d-55b3056cdc10",{"type":47,"content":1312},[1313,1342],{"type":50,"attrs":1314,"content":1315},{"textAlign":23},[1316,1324,1326,1332,1334,1340],{"text":1317,"type":115,"marks":1318},"Nickel sulphate (NiSO₄·6H₂O)",[1319,1322,1323],{"type":118,"attrs":1320},{"href":1321,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/the-rise-of-alternative-pricing-mechanisms-in-the-nickel-sulphate-market",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1325,"type":115}," is a chemical compound produced from high‑purity nickel or ",{"text":918,"type":115,"marks":1327},[1328,1330,1331],{"type":118,"attrs":1329},{"href":912,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1333,"type":115},". It is the primary nickel source for manufacturing cathode materials used in lithium‑ion batteries. The compound is typically made by dissolving Class 1 nickel powder or MHP in sulphuric acid. The resulting crystals are processed to produce high‑nickel cathodes such as ",{"text":1226,"type":115,"marks":1335},[1336,1338,1339],{"type":118,"attrs":1337},{"href":717,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1341,"type":115}," and NCA (nickel cobalt aluminium).",{"type":50,"attrs":1343,"content":1344},{"textAlign":23},[1345],{"text":1346,"type":115},"Demand for nickel sulphate has risen sharply with growing EV production, driving significant investment in new refining capacity.","What is nickel sulphate?",{"_uid":1349,"answer":1350,"opened":30,"question":1395,"component":1205},"5210de81-98e7-48ad-a0dd-09be2314c246",{"type":47,"content":1351},[1352,1374],{"type":50,"attrs":1353,"content":1354},{"textAlign":23},[1355,1357,1363,1365,1372],{"text":1356,"type":115},"In the near term, global nickel supply appears ample. Indonesia's large‑scale expansion and new ",{"text":908,"type":115,"marks":1358},[1359,1361,1362],{"type":118,"attrs":1360},{"href":207,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1364,"type":115}," are expected to bring significant additional volumes to market, leaving supply in ",{"text":1366,"type":115,"marks":1367},"surplus through the late‑2020s",[1368,1370,1371],{"type":118,"attrs":1369},{"href":1062,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1373,"type":115},". However, sustainable supply meeting the purity and ESG standards required by EV manufacturers remains a key challenge.",{"type":50,"attrs":1375,"content":1376},{"textAlign":23},[1377,1384,1386,1393],{"text":1095,"type":115,"marks":1378},[1379,1382,1383],{"type":118,"attrs":1380},{"href":1381,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},"https://source.benchmarkminerals.com/article/can-the-eu-meet-its-proposed-battery-metals-recycling-targets",{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1385,"type":115}," is set to play a growing role, with ",{"text":1387,"type":115,"marks":1388},"recovered nickel",[1389,1391,1392],{"type":118,"attrs":1390},{"href":1099,"uuid":23,"anchor":23,"target":38,"linktype":39},{"type":193},{"type":156},{"text":1394,"type":115}," projected to meet almost one‑quarter of battery‑sector demand by 2035. Overall, the market outlook suggests that supply will remain sufficient, although refining capacity limitations and regional concentration may continue to pose strategic risks for automakers.","Will nickel supply meet EV demand?","Everything you need to know about Nickel. \n\nIf you'd like to learn more about our Nickel service:\n\n","Page",[],{"name":1400,"created_at":1401,"published_at":1402,"updated_at":1403,"id":1404,"uuid":1405,"content":1406,"slug":1511,"full_slug":1511,"sort_by_date":23,"position":1512,"tag_list":1513,"is_startpage":30,"parent_id":23,"meta_data":23,"group_id":1514,"first_published_at":1515,"release_id":23,"lang":1516,"path":23,"alternates":1517,"default_full_slug":23,"translated_slugs":23},"⚙️ Settings","2025-06-02T14:53:28.821Z","2025-10-01T10:35:45.972Z","2025-10-01T10:35:45.982Z",681217962,"ef9fd424-d418-4187-b479-9a20b351c3d6",{"bld":1407,"_uid":1408,"component":1409,"default_seo":1410,"areas_of_interest":1416},"direkt.se\nstreetwisereports.com\nalpha-sense.com\nafrica-energy.com\ntcs.com\nmm-markets.com\nsmr-premium.com\nsci99.com\nlondoncib.com\nyeb.com.br\nnewautomotive.org\nsina.com.cn\ngwstrategies.net\noliverwyman.com\ndazeinfo.com\ndataintelo.com\ninfyos.com\nevalueserve.com\ninsightwoo.com\ncrescendoanalytic.com\nipaglobal.com\nweare121.com\nzemek.com\nryancommodityinsights.com\nonyxsi.com\ncostmine.com\nnickhatchmining.com\naethoslabs.com\nmysteel.com\nbuzblox.com\nfutureproofconsulting.com.au\ncmgroup.net\noptelgroup.com\nberylls.com\nreputex.com\nnumber-three.net\nrobertdallison.com\nwsp.com\nafriforesight.com\npaydirt.com.au\nmetal.com\ninforma.com\nfelixstrategy.com\ncrisil.com\nantaike.com\nbatterymaterialsreview.com\nsrk.com\nglobaltrustgrp.com\nnapiermeridian.com\nprojectblue.com\nplutonic-rma.com\nrosaearth.io\ndrivesustainability.org\nminehub.com\nscsglobalservices.com\nLynxglobalintelligence.com\nsphera.com\nminespider.com\nc-resource.com\ntdi-sustainability.com\nkumi.consulting\nsc-insights.com\nkallanish.com\naboutenergy.co.uk\nenant.io\nopisnet.com\nacuitycommodities.com\nevinfocus.com\nsfa-oxford.com\ncrugroup.com\nwoodmac.com\nspglobal.com\nrolandberger.com\nrcsglobal.com\nnornik.ru\nlivista.energy\nihsmarkit.com\ncapitalightresearch.com\namegroup.com\ncapitalight.co\nsustainablelabs.io\ncommoditiesanalysis.co.uk\navicenne.com\nkearney.com\nnornickel.net\n5napier.com\nvoltility.net\ngf.com.cn\nhindenburgresearch.com\ndigbee.com\nadamasintel.com\nac-harvard.com\nsneresearch.com\ninventusbioenergy.com\nproactiveinvestors.com\nauroraer.com\nresourceworld.com\nbatteryline.com\norennia.com\nfastmarkets.com\nmsci.com\nbcg.com\nklinegroup.com\ndelta-ee.com\nskarnassociates.com\nricardo.com\ncleanhorizon.com\np3-group.com\naccenture.com\nporsche-consulting.com\numlaut.com\nadi-analytics.com\ncpmgroup.com\nilimarkets.com\nminviro.com\nmckinsey.com\ncicenergigune.com\ne4tech.com\nargusmedia.com\ndolbear.com\nerm.com\nlithium.org\nradiusq.com\ndigivla.com\njeri.co.jp\ntopology.com.tw\nsaurenergy.com\novaladvisory.com\ngsixenergy.com","4a989dda-bfbd-4b63-aa24-86295c311481","Settings",{"_uid":1411,"title":1412,"plugin":11,"og_image":1413,"og_title":12,"description":1414,"twitter_image":1415,"twitter_title":12,"og_description":12,"twitter_description":12},"835e1d73-69b8-4409-a3f1-24233ee665b4","Benchmark Mineral Intelligence | {page_title}","https://a.storyblok.com/f/333611/x/9548bf4309/benchmark_logo_linkedin_osauqc.avif","World leading supply chain & energy transition intelligence. Lithium, Nickel, Cobalt, Graphite, Batteries, Electric Vehicles, Rare Earths and Permanent 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